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                    [0] => Representative government in the New Zealand colony was granted in a decentralised form under the provisions of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established the Provincial Government of Canterbury.The boundaries of the province originally stretched across the Alps to include the West Coast below the Grey River, known as 'West Canterbury'. The administrative hub of the province comprised the Christchurch offices of the provincial secretary and other departments reporting directly to the superintendent.
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            [name] => Canterbury Provincial Government Office, Christchurch
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                    [custom1] => Although formally disestablished in 1876, the agency continued to operate into 1877.
Provincial offices in Christchurch comprised a number of departments reporting directly or indirectly through the executive council to the Superintendent. Those reporting directly to the Superintendent are regarded as forming this agency. The most important of these, and the one consistent thread of administrative government throughout the period, was the office of the provincial secretary. Like the Colonial Secretary's Office, the office of the provincial secretary spun off other departments and functions through the period. Further research may decide that these warrant separate agency status, but analogies with current multi-function central government Head Offices suggest that the approach used here has some validity. Further work on individual record series may see the creation of further 'Canterbury Provincial' agencies.
                    [custom2] => Archives of the Canterbury Provincial Government.
Government Gazette of Canterbury 1853-76
A History of Canterbury. Ed. Hight & Straubel, Vols 1-3, Christchurch 1957, 1965, 1971
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            [agentMandateDisEstablishing] => Abolition of Provinces Act 1875
            [agentMandateEstablishing] => New Zealand Constitution Act (UK) 1852
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            [history] => 
Introduction 
Between 1853 and 1876 New Zealand was ruled by a method of government which included elements of a federal system. The archives of the Provincial Government in Canterbury provide an important record of life in the region during this period. 
Establishment 
From the arrival of the first four immigrant ships at Lyttelton in 1850, much of what is now the province of Canterbury [the Canterbury Block] was been ruled by the colony's central government, but usually through officers of the Canterbury Association, who held most of the important positions. The part of Canterbury that fell within the block allocated to the Association was governed almost as a fiefdom by the Association. 
Representative government in the colony was granted in a decentralised form under the provisions of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (of the Imperial Parliament at Westminster), which established the Provincial Government of Canterbury (the boundaries of which originally stretched across the Alps to include the West Coast below the Grey River, known as 'West Canterbury'). This comprised an elected executive, in the person of the Superintendent, and an elected legislature, in the body of the Provincial Council. Actually, the Act did not give executive powers to the superintendents but the provincial councils passed their own empowering ordinances granting those powers and setting up executive councils to advise the superintendent. 
The first Superintendent, James FitzGerald, was elected in July 1853; the Council was elected several months later, and the first session of the twelve-member Provincial Council was held in a disused printing office in the middle of a field of potatoes on the later site of the Cathedral Grammar school. 
From this first session, and for the next twenty two years, there was a continual struggle between the Provincial Government and the colonial (General) Government to define their respective powers and responsibilities, as these were left unclear in the legislation. This is reflected in the functions carried out by the provincial government administration.
Functions 
The provincial governments were given functions similar to those of local bodies in England: public works, immigration, education, public health, jails and police, but claimed for themselves other functions, particularly control over distribution of the 'waste lands' and arrogated to themselves the administration of central government laws. In practice the central government also initially delegated many administrative duties to the provinces. After 1858 the provinces obtained the revenue from the sale of land, and effectively gained control of land legislation. Throughout the period, however, there was still no clear-cut division of functions, and this was complicated by the fact that the same officer might work for both the provincial and central governments.  
The 1860s saw two developments which ultimately meant the end of provincial government. Central government administration improved and new departments were set up, sometimes taking over provincial functions; and democratic local government was established at a level below the provinces. Roads Boards were set up in the region and in 1862 Christchurch was granted municipal government. These local bodies, although funded largely by the Provincial Government, took over many of the functions previously performed by that government. 
Administration 
In 1853 it was  necessary to establish the machinery of government. The Superintendent ruled through the Executive Council, whose members included most of the heads of the small departments of the province, which made up the provincial public service. The Executive Council was set up to advise the Superintendent and act as the equivalent of a modern cabinet, although it was not obliged to exclusively draw on members of the Provincial Council. 
In the middle years of its existence, in the 1860s, the Provincial Government in Canterbury administered the province through the following bureaucracy: 
The Provincial Secretary was the chief public servant reporting to the Superintendent, but by 1866 his department was helped by a separate Office of the Secretary for Public Works, and an officer responsible for the administration of the gold fields in West Canterbury. 
The three departments reporting directly to the Superintendent were therefore: 

    

    
Provincial Secretary's Department 
    
    

    
Office of Secretary for Public Works 
    
    

    
Secretary for the Gold Fields 
    

Departments reporting to the Provincial Secretary: 

    

    
Sheriff's Department and Gaol 
    
    

    
Police Department 
    
    

    
Medical Department (Hospitals) 
    
    

    
Medical Department (Charitable Aid) 
    
    

    
Education 
    
    

    
Inspector of Sheep 
    
    

    
Immigration 
    

Other officers reporting to the Provincial Secretary (and to the Council ) were the:

    

    
Provincial Treasurer (with sub treasuries in Akaroa and Timaru)
    
    

    
Provincial Auditor
    
    

    
Provincial Solicitor 
    
    

    
Public Record Office
    

Departments reporting to the Secretary for Public Works: 

    

    
Plantations (Parks and Domains) 
    
    

    
Geological Survey 
    
    

    
Survey Office 
    
    

    
Waste Lands Board 
    
    

    
Harbour Department 
    
    

    
Provincial Engineer's Department 
    

In 1855 the organisational chart would also have shown the following: 

    

    
Registration Department (ie Lands and Deeds) 
    
    

    
Resident Magistrates' Department 
    
    

    
Supreme Court 
    
    

    
Coroner's Department
    

However, by 1866 these were clearly General Government functions, along with the Post Office and Electric Telegraph Department, Marine Board (lighthouse), Customs, Native Land Courts and Defence, all of which had officers in the region. 
At its height the provincial government administration comprised only a few dozen salaried officer, and below the provincial administration came the officers of the Roads Boards and Municipal governments. 
Demise of Provincial Government 
The growth of central government, aided by improved communications, the growth of local government and financial weakness brought about the end of provincial government, which in Canterbury had in any case achieved its aim of parcelling out most of the waste land. 
The provincial governments were disestablished under the Abolition of the Provinces Act 1875 and provincial government ended in 1876, although some residual administration continued until 1877. The work was taken over by the new counties and municipal bodies, and departments of the growing central government. 
 
 
 
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