πΌ Road construction and maintenance
ⓘcURL request stats
Status: 200Connected to 202.175.131.219 via HTTPS in 0.0244 seconds
Downloaded 20.7842 kB
Done in 0.1537 seconds
Raw data from Axiell backend
Array
(
[entityType] => ITEM
[entity] => Array
(
[contextId] => aims
[description] => Array
(
[0] => Land transportation of passengers and goods plays a vital role in the growth and development of a country. In New Zealand, the nature of our primary industries requires an extensive and adequate network of roads for their success.
)
[id] => F0038
[idSort] => F0038
[name] => Road construction and maintenance
[identifier] => Array
(
[priref] => Array
(
[0] => 37
)
)
[authorityRelation] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[name] => Albertland South Road Board
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1870-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => approximate
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1924-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => approximate
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => YBBV
)
[1] => Array
(
[name] => Canterbury Provincial Government Office, Christchurch
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => CBCM
)
[2] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Dunedin Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWH
)
[3] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Christchurch Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWG
)
[4] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Blenheim Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWF
)
[5] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Wellington Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWE
)
[6] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Palmerston North Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWD
)
[7] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Wanganui Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWC
)
[8] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Napier Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWB
)
[9] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Tauranga Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEWA
)
[10] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Hamilton Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEVZ
)
[11] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Auckland Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEVY
)
[12] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, Whangarei Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEVX
)
[13] => Array
(
[name] => New Zealand Transport Agency, National Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AEVW
)
[14] => Array
(
[name] => Taranaki Provincial Government
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => ADQW
)
[15] => Array
(
[name] => Wellington Province Government
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => ACIA
)
[16] => Array
(
[name] => Auckland Provincial Government
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => ACFM
)
[17] => Array
(
[name] => Main Highways Board
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1923-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1954-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => ACCH
)
[18] => Array
(
[name] => National Roads Board
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1954-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1989-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => ABUZ
)
[19] => Array
(
[name] => Hawke's Bay Provincial Government
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1856-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => approximate
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => ABFO
)
[20] => Array
(
[name] => Transit New Zealand, National Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1989-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 2008-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AAZZ
)
[21] => Array
(
[name] => Ministry of Transport, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1988-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1989-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AAPR
)
[22] => Array
(
[name] => Ministry of Works and Development, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1959-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1988-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AADX
)
[23] => Array
(
[name] => Ministry of Works and Development, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1889-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AADX
)
[24] => Array
(
[name] => Ministry of Works and Development, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1909-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1923-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AADX
)
[25] => Array
(
[name] => Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1891-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1901-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AADS
)
[26] => Array
(
[name] => Survey Department, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1889-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1891-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AADQ
)
[27] => Array
(
[name] => Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office
[type] => controlling
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1845-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Agency
[relationHasSource] => AAAC
)
)
[digitalRecordInArchive] =>
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1845-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[history] => The major factors that determined the nature and extent of the early period of road construction were the growth of settlement, the type of farming practised, gold discoveries, the vehicles used, the growth of the railway, and the availability of finance.
Water access and beach paths were the only means of communication available to early white settlers and the years from 1840 were those of coastal settlement. Inevitably though, roads became a necessity to open up lands for settlement. Much of the early road making was done by friendly Maori in clearing bush, constructing earthworks and culverts, and by the Imperial Forces who had been sent to provide protection to the young settlements.
In 1845 the Public Roads and Works Ordinance to, “empower owners and occupiers of land within certain districts to repair and maintain highways and public works within the same, and to make and levy rates for defraying the expenses thereof”, was passed in Session V of the Legislative Council. The ordinance allowed for the formation of road districts, and the election of Boards of Commissioners known as Highway Commissioners with limited powers to make and repair roads and levy rates upon all land except Crown and native property.
From 1853 until 1876, the provinces took care of their main roads and established a total of 314 roads boards to construct and maintain local or district roads. Road Boards were the first and most basic unit of local government, born out of the desire of provincial and central authorities to devolve the time and cost of supervising road construction from afar. It was not, however, a complete devolution of financial responsibility as local authorities relied heavily on central government subsidies for funding. During the provincial period, over 120 ordinances or Acts relating to roads, their construction, roads boards, tollgates and tolls, etc. were passed but overall the provinces were hampered by a shortage of finance and a parochial lack of planning.
With the dissolution of the provinces in 1876, the burden of road development shifted to county and borough councils under the 1876 Counties Act, whilst the Public Works Department contributed either in the construction of new roads or by the provision of grants or subsidies under the 1876 Public Works Act. The Counties Act also defined the various classes of road and decided responsibility for the maintenance of them, i.e. district roads in areas with road districts, county roads in counties without, and Government roads in districts where the Counties Act was not in force and there were no road boards.
There were three sources of revenue available to local authorities for roading work; their ratepayers, the central government and ‘special’ revenues, i.e. tolls and taxes. The Counties Act 1876 enabled local bodies to erect tollgates and and levy tolls on road users. Tollgates disappeared as a revenue source in 1922 with the Main Highways Act and only appeared thereafter in special cases, for example, on the Auckland Harbour Bridge from its opening in May 1959 until 1984.
In 1882 the Road Boards Act divided the country into 319 Road Districts and created triannually-elected Road Boards to administer them.
Overall responsibility for construction of new roads was transferred from the Public Works Department to the Department of Lands and Survey in 1889, and thence to the Department of Roads in 1901. In 1909, the Public Works Department regained responsibility for new road construction, with administration of motorways and main roads transferring to the Main Highways Board in 1924.
The Motor Registration Act 1905 and the Motor Regulation Act 1906 attempted to provide another means of revenue-gathering by setting motor vehicle registration fees for road users, but the growing demand from local authorities for finance and the increase in motorised road traffic led to the introduction of the Main Highways Act in 1922. Under the Act, provision was made for the declaration of certain roads as main highways, the maintenance of which then became a national concern.
Administration of the 1922 Act was provided by a Main Highways Board made up of government, local authority and user representatives, which subsidised the costs of construction and maintenance for local authorities with funding from tyre tax, registration and licence fees and, from 1927, petrol tax. The Act also gave the Main Highways Board powers to divide New Zealand into highway districts, defined in part by geographical situation and community interest, and comprised of representatives from the Public Works Department and local authorities.
In 1936, an amendment to the 1922 Act empowered the Main Highways Board to classify any highway as a State highway with the whole cost then being borne by the State. Amendments to the Public Works Act in 1947 and 1948 made provision for certain highways to be declared as motorways.
In 1953 the National Roads Act disestablished the Main Highways Board and established a National Roads Board in its place, with representatives from private and commercial vehicle owners, local authorities, the Ministry of Works and the Transport Department. The Act also adopted a ‘user-pays’ principle for the provision of roading. The Ministry of Works established a Roading Division in 1959 which provided the National Roads Board with engineering and administrative services, and undertook the construction and maintenance of State highways.
On 1 April 1988, the Ministry of Works and Development was corporatised and the National Roads Board’s operational arm – Roading Division - was incorporated into the Ministry of Transport until 1 October 1989 when it merged with the National Roads Board and the Urban Transport Council to form Transit New Zealand.
Transit New Zealand became the new organisation to represent the interests of all New Zealanders in the planning and funding of the land transport system. Under the 1989 Transit New Zealand Act, every territorial authority within a regional council was required to establish a district land transport programme which included local roading construction and maintenance. Transit New Zealand was also responsible for construction and maintenance of the state highway system, state highway safety, state highway traffic management and policy development, whilst local roads remained the responsibility of territorial authorities.
In July 1996 the funding function of Transit New Zealand was split from its operational role of building and maintaining roading, and a new funding agency, Transfund New Zealand, was created by an amendment to the Transit New Zealand Act 1989 with a statutory mandate to purchase a safe and efficient roading system for New Zealand.
With the introduction of the Land Transport Management Act 2003 and the New Zealand Transport Strategy, there was a statutory focus on a sustainable land transport system with investigations into travel demand management, road tolling schemes, and the formation of partnerships between public and private interests to construct roads.
On 1 August 2008, LTNZ was merged with Transit New Zealand to form the New Zealand Transport Agency, which inherited the responsibility for this function.
[itemType] => Function
[rdfType] => rule
[recordIsMissing] =>
[ruleRelation] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Taranaki
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1859-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1877-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0243
)
[1] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Nelson
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1877-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0242
)
[2] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Marlborough
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1859-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1877-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0241
)
[3] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Hawkes Bay
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1858-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1877-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0240
)
[4] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Auckland
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1877-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0238
)
[5] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Canterbury
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1877-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0237
)
[6] => Array
(
[name] => Province of Otago
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0236
)
[7] => Array
(
[name] => Public Works
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1889-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0188
)
[8] => Array
(
[name] => Public Works
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1901-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1943-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0188
)
[9] => Array
(
[name] => Works
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1943-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1972-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0186
)
[10] => Array
(
[name] => Colonial Secretary
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1845-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0161
)
[11] => Array
(
[name] => Provincial government ( do not use) Use individual Provincial administration jurisdiction)
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0036
)
[12] => Array
(
[name] => Lands (4)
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1893-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1901-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0020
)
[13] => Array
(
[name] => Works and Development
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1972-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1989-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0010
)
[14] => Array
(
[name] => Transport
[type] => controlled_by
[hasBeginningDate] => Array
(
[normalizedValue] => 1989-01-01T00:00:00.0Z
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => exact
[1] => yearOnly
)
)
[hasEndDate] => Array
(
[dateQualifier] => Array
(
[0] => current
)
)
[itemType] => Jurisdiction
[relationHasTarget] => J0008
)
)
[setSpec] => functions
)
)
Show History
The major factors that determined the nature and extent of the early period of road construction were the growth of settlement, the type of farming practised, gold discoveries, the vehicles used, the growth of the railway, and the availability of finance.
Water access and beach paths were the only means of communication available to early white settlers and the years from 1840 were those of coastal settlement. Inevitably though, roads became a necessity to open up lands for settlement. Much of the early road making was done by friendly Maori in clearing bush, constructing earthworks and culverts, and by the Imperial Forces who had been sent to provide protection to the young settlements.
In 1845 the Public Roads and Works Ordinance to, “empower owners and occupiers of land within certain districts to repair and maintain highways and public works within the same, and to make and levy rates for defraying the expenses thereof”, was passed in Session V of the Legislative Council. The ordinance allowed for the formation of road districts, and the election of Boards of Commissioners known as Highway Commissioners with limited powers to make and repair roads and levy rates upon all land except Crown and native property.
From 1853 until 1876, the provinces took care of their main roads and established a total of 314 roads boards to construct and maintain local or district roads. Road Boards were the first and most basic unit of local government, born out of the desire of provincial and central authorities to devolve the time and cost of supervising road construction from afar. It was not, however, a complete devolution of financial responsibility as local authorities relied heavily on central government subsidies for funding. During the provincial period, over 120 ordinances or Acts relating to roads, their construction, roads boards, tollgates and tolls, etc. were passed but overall the provinces were hampered by a shortage of finance and a parochial lack of planning.
With the dissolution of the provinces in 1876, the burden of road development shifted to county and borough councils under the 1876 Counties Act, whilst the Public Works Department contributed either in the construction of new roads or by the provision of grants or subsidies under the 1876 Public Works Act. The Counties Act also defined the various classes of road and decided responsibility for the maintenance of them, i.e. district roads in areas with road districts, county roads in counties without, and Government roads in districts where the Counties Act was not in force and there were no road boards.
There were three sources of revenue available to local authorities for roading work; their ratepayers, the central government and ‘special’ revenues, i.e. tolls and taxes. The Counties Act 1876 enabled local bodies to erect tollgates and and levy tolls on road users. Tollgates disappeared as a revenue source in 1922 with the Main Highways Act and only appeared thereafter in special cases, for example, on the Auckland Harbour Bridge from its opening in May 1959 until 1984.
In 1882 the Road Boards Act divided the country into 319 Road Districts and created triannually-elected Road Boards to administer them.
Overall responsibility for construction of new roads was transferred from the Public Works Department to the Department of Lands and Survey in 1889, and thence to the Department of Roads in 1901. In 1909, the Public Works Department regained responsibility for new road construction, with administration of motorways and main roads transferring to the Main Highways Board in 1924.
The Motor Registration Act 1905 and the Motor Regulation Act 1906 attempted to provide another means of revenue-gathering by setting motor vehicle registration fees for road users, but the growing demand from local authorities for finance and the increase in motorised road traffic led to the introduction of the Main Highways Act in 1922. Under the Act, provision was made for the declaration of certain roads as main highways, the maintenance of which then became a national concern.
Administration of the 1922 Act was provided by a Main Highways Board made up of government, local authority and user representatives, which subsidised the costs of construction and maintenance for local authorities with funding from tyre tax, registration and licence fees and, from 1927, petrol tax. The Act also gave the Main Highways Board powers to divide New Zealand into highway districts, defined in part by geographical situation and community interest, and comprised of representatives from the Public Works Department and local authorities.
In 1936, an amendment to the 1922 Act empowered the Main Highways Board to classify any highway as a State highway with the whole cost then being borne by the State. Amendments to the Public Works Act in 1947 and 1948 made provision for certain highways to be declared as motorways.
In 1953 the National Roads Act disestablished the Main Highways Board and established a National Roads Board in its place, with representatives from private and commercial vehicle owners, local authorities, the Ministry of Works and the Transport Department. The Act also adopted a ‘user-pays’ principle for the provision of roading. The Ministry of Works established a Roading Division in 1959 which provided the National Roads Board with engineering and administrative services, and undertook the construction and maintenance of State highways.
On 1 April 1988, the Ministry of Works and Development was corporatised and the National Roads Board’s operational arm – Roading Division - was incorporated into the Ministry of Transport until 1 October 1989 when it merged with the National Roads Board and the Urban Transport Council to form Transit New Zealand.
Transit New Zealand became the new organisation to represent the interests of all New Zealanders in the planning and funding of the land transport system. Under the 1989 Transit New Zealand Act, every territorial authority within a regional council was required to establish a district land transport programme which included local roading construction and maintenance. Transit New Zealand was also responsible for construction and maintenance of the state highway system, state highway safety, state highway traffic management and policy development, whilst local roads remained the responsibility of territorial authorities.
In July 1996 the funding function of Transit New Zealand was split from its operational role of building and maintaining roading, and a new funding agency, Transfund New Zealand, was created by an amendment to the Transit New Zealand Act 1989 with a statutory mandate to purchase a safe and efficient roading system for New Zealand.
With the introduction of the Land Transport Management Act 2003 and the New Zealand Transport Strategy, there was a statutory focus on a sustainable land transport system with investigations into travel demand management, road tolling schemes, and the formation of partnerships between public and private interests to construct roads.
On 1 August 2008, LTNZ was merged with Transit New Zealand to form the New Zealand Transport Agency, which inherited the responsibility for this function.
- π’ Albertland South Road Board (1870 ‑ 1924)
- π’ Canterbury Provincial Government Office, Christchurch (1853 ‑ 1876)
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Dunedin Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Christchurch Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Blenheim Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Wellington Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Palmerston North Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Wanganui Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Napier Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Tauranga Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Hamilton Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Auckland Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, Whangarei Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ New Zealand Transport Agency, National Office (2008 ‑ )
- π’ Taranaki Provincial Government (1853 ‑ 1876)
- π’ Wellington Province Government (1853 ‑ 1876)
- π’ Auckland Provincial Government (1853 ‑ 1876)
- π’ Main Highways Board (1923 ‑ 1954)
- π’ National Roads Board (1954 ‑ 1989)
- π’ Hawke's Bay Provincial Government (1856 ‑ 1876)
- π’ Transit New Zealand, National Office (1989 ‑ 2008)
- π’ Ministry of Transport, Head Office (1988 ‑ 1989)
- π’ Ministry of Works and Development, Head Office (1959 ‑ 1988)
- π’ Ministry of Works and Development, Head Office (1876 ‑ 1889)
- π’ Ministry of Works and Development, Head Office (1909 ‑ 1923)
- π’ Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (1891 ‑ 1901)
- π’ Survey Department, Head Office (1889 ‑ 1891)
- π’ Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office (1845 ‑ 1853)
Show 24 items
- π Province of Taranaki (1859 ‑ 1877)
- π Province of Nelson (1853 ‑ 1877)
- π Province of Marlborough (1859 ‑ 1877)
- π Province of Hawkes Bay (1858 ‑ 1877)
- π Province of Auckland (1853 ‑ 1877)
- π Province of Canterbury (1853 ‑ 1877)
- π Province of Otago (1853 ‑ 1876)
- π Public Works (1876 ‑ 1889)
- π Public Works (1901 ‑ 1943)
- π Works (1943 ‑ 1972)
- π Colonial Secretary (1845 ‑ 1853)
- π Provincial government ( do not use) Use individual Provincial administration jurisdiction) (1853 ‑ 1876)
- π Lands (4) (1893 ‑ 1901)
- π Works and Development (1972 ‑ 1989)
- π Transport (1989 ‑ )