đ˘ Dominion Archives of New Zealand
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2. Establishment: Annual report of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1927 (AJHR, H.22, 1927) records the establishment of "a Dominion Archive or Records Centre".
3. Disestablishment: Annual report of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1955 (AJHR, H.22, 1955) Agency "... now known as Archives New Zealand, replacing the old title of Dominion Archives..." (p.34).
4. Responsible Minister: Minister of Internal Affairs 1926-1954
5. Records relating to National Archives can be found in Record Group series IA1 and also IA68 (National Archives Registered Files). The files from IA68 were put into the GAIMS finding aid system in 1985 and can now be found under ARCH series 451.
[custom2] =>A Guide to the Dominion Archives (Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1953) Annual Report of the Department of Internal Affairs 1927-1954 (AJHR, H.22) Annual Report of the General Assembly Library 1932-1947 (AJHR, H.32) National Archives of New Zealand: guide to functions and services (National Archives, Wellington, 1983).
Internal reference notes at Archives New Zealand.
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Until 1893 the care of government archives was the responsibility of the Colonial Secretary's Department. With other responsibilities it was passed to the Department of Internal Affairs in 1907.
In 1926 it was decided that a Dominion Archives should be established to ensure "...the proper custody of important historical documents dating back to the foundation of New Zealand as a Colony..." and Dr G H Scholefield, Chief Librarian of the General Assembly Library, was appointed Controller of Dominion Archives. His first actions were to locate and investigate storage conditions of departmental holdings of records and to send a circular to municipalities suggesting how they might assist Dominion Archives in caring for the records of local government [1].
By 1930 Scholefield had sought an Archives Act and a building but both recommendations were shelved without action. He was given no financial or staff resources to carry out his function as controller of Dominion Archives until 1947 when, a year before Scholefield's retirement in 1948, Michael Standish was appointed as officer-in-charge of government archives working under the direction of the Department of Internal Affairs Historical Branch.
After the 1952 fire in the Hope Gibbons Building which destroyed government records dating back to the 1850s, the Public Service Commission accepted the proposal to appoint a Chief Archivist, but it was not put into effect until the passing of the Archives Act in 1957.
A move from the Library to separate accommodation in the Employers' Federation Building in 1954 accompanied the change of the name of Dominion Archives to National Archives.
However, not until the passing of the Archives Act in 1957 was there statutory provision for the existence of the National Archives as a branch of the Department of Internal Affairs and for the appointment of a Chief Archivist.Footnotes:
[1] AJHR, H.22, 1927
2.  Timeline showing the history of the national archives in New Zealand
[isAssociatedWithPlace] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [location] => Wellington ) ) [itemType] => Agency [rdfType] => agent [recordIsMissing] => [sequentialRelation] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [name] => Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office [type] => predecessor [hasBeginningDate] => Array ( [normalizedValue] => 1926-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [dateQualifier] => Array ( [0] => exact [1] => yearOnly ) ) [itemType] => Agency [relationHasTarget] => AAAC ) [1] => Array ( [name] => National Archives of New Zealand, Head Office [type] => successor [hasBeginningDate] => Array ( [normalizedValue] => 1954-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [dateQualifier] => Array ( [0] => exact [1] => yearOnly ) ) [itemType] => Agency [relationHasSource] => ARCH ) ) [setSpec] => agency ) )1840    Instructions accompanied founding Governor Hobson that provision was to be made for the security of the colonial records; no special provision was in fact made. The Colonial Secretary was nominally responsible for government records until 1907 and after him the Minister of Internal Affairs.
1853-1876    Provincial government period but few provincial archival arrangements.
1872    A commission was appointed 'to enquire into the mode of keeping and providing for the safe custody and protection of the records of the colony'. No action was taken.
1906Â Â Â Â A. Hamilton, Director of the Dominion Museum, advocated the appointment of a Director of Colonial Records and the construction of a reinforced concrete building; no action was taken.
1907Â Â Â Â Hamilton set up a central store of old government records in Alexandra Barracks - it became the National Historical Collection.
1907Â Â Â Â Dr Hocken's collection given to the University of Otago - the nucleus of the Hocken Library.
1912Â Â Â Â The Hunt Commission of the Public Service deplored the lack of adequate and safe accommodation for the government archives and urged that provision be made; no action was taken.
1914-1918Â Â Â Â First World War - the army reclaimed Alexandra Barracks and the National Historical Collection was dispersed.
1920Â Â Â Â The Alexander Turnbull Library was established as a gift to the country.
1926    G. H. Scholefield became Controller of Dominion Archives as well as Chief Librarian of the General Assembly Library but with no staff and no building. A considerable quantity of archives from all over the country was gradually assembled in General Assembly Library attic, and the principle was established that no government records were to be destroyed without Scholefield's consent.
1936    E. H. McCormick was employed to work on the archives. His work was interrupted by his appointment first as editor of New Zealand centennial publications and later as Chief War Archivist.
1940Â Â Â Â New Zealand Centennial - resulted in increased interest in history.
1941    E. H. McCormick was appointed to collect and collate archives generated by New Zealand forces fighting in the Middle East.
1944Â Â Â Â McCormick appointed Chief War Archivist.
1945Â Â Â Â McCormick produced a report on archives and a plan for future archival work; this plan and recommendation for a National Archives was submitted to Internal Affairs and received general approval.
1947Â Â Â Â Scholefield retired as Dominion Archivist.
1947Â Â Â Â McCormick left and went to Auckland University College.
1948    Otago centennial - resulted in increased interest in history.
1948Â Â Â Â First draft of an archives act.
1948Â Â Â Â M. W. Standish was seconded from the War History Branch to look after the archives.
1949Â Â Â Â There was an increase in staff (research assistant and cadet) and additional storage space - in a shed at Seaview, Petone.
1950    Public support for archives increased - newspapers, history conferences, the New Zealand Library Association Archives Seminar at the annual conference; lobbying and the Canterbury centennial.
1951Â Â Â Â New Zealand Library Association Archives Committee established.
1952Â Â Â Â Standish went overseas to study archival methods used abroad.
1952    Hope Gibbons building fire resulted in the destruction of, or severe damage to, the records of Public Works, Land and Survey, Labour and Employment, Marine, and Agriculture files. This resulted in more public pressure and lobbying.
1953    New Zealand Library Association Archives Committee began a survey of the records of local bodies on a geographical basis. It also appointed regional consultants to give advice to authorities concerned about their records.
1954    T. R. Schellenberg, Director of the U. S. National Archives, visited New Zealand.
1954Â Â Â Â The Dominion Archives moved from the General Assembly Library attic to the Employers Federation Building, 12 The Terrace.
1954Â Â Â Â N. Z. L. A. Archives Committee laid plans for a union catalogue of manuscripts.
1955Â Â Â Â N.Z. L. A. Archives Committee published An Elementary Guide to Archives Practice.
Â
3. Bulletin No. 1 - Historical Sources and Archives in New Zealand by G H Scholefield, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.Hist.S.,
Controller of Dominion Archives,  Archives Division, Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand
Published under the Authority of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Wellington, NZBy Authority: W A G Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington 1929
This first Bulletin of the Archives Division may be regarded as an introduction to the archives of the Dominion. It is based on papers read before the Wellington Historical Association in 1928 and before the New Zealand Science Congress at Auckland on 26th January, 1929; and it is published as a bulletin by courtesy of the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology.
HISTORICAL SOURCES AND ARCHIVES IN NEW ZEALAND
In considering the archives and historical sources in existence in New Zealand it is necessary first of all to recognize the special conditions that obtain here as compared with those of older countries, and to consider their bearing upon the preservation of historical documents.
First of all, it is advisable to make up our minds as to what constitutes a historical source. I think that it will meet the case for us to say that a historical source is a document of contemporary origin and of original character which may be used as foundation material in writing history. I would not restrict the definition to manuscript documents, because that would exclude a vast quantity of material in New Zealand which has all the attributes of originality and contemporary origin, except that it is available to us only in print of type. Many of the official documents of the colony and of the old provinces are now extant only in printed form; they were so published at the time, and in many cases the manuscript has been either lost or destroyed. Again, during the last thirty years the typewriter has completely taken the place of handwriting in the preparation of public and official correspondence, and even of many private letters. And, finally, the printed newspapers of New Zealand since 1839 constitute an indispensable source of material for the study of our history. The main point upon which I would insist in admitting any document as historical source matter is that it should be of contemporary origin â that is, written at the time of the occurrences that it purports to record. There are thousands of events in New Zealand of which there is no record at all except in printed papers. As far as we know, diarists in New Zealand have been few and far between, with the notable exception of the writers for the press; but obscure chronicles are liable to come to light from the most unexpected quarters. On the whole, the element of contemporary record is perhaps of more importance than the official nature of the document.
Many of the more important sources of the early history of New Zealand are preserved in Great Britain or in Australia. In the Public Record Office in London are to be found the whole of the original despatches and reports sent from the colony to the Secretary of State, copies of all the outward correspondence and instructions, and a mass of other material, which might be roughly classified under these heads:-
(1) Letters patent, Royal instructions, etc;
(2) Despatches from New Zealand and from New South Wales;
(3) Duplicates of despatches sent to New Zealand and New South Wales;
(4) Logs of H.M. ships which have visited New Zealand;
(5) Reports sent to the Admiralty, the War Office, the Colonial Office, the Board of Trade etc;
(6) Papers formerly belonging to the New Zealand Company.
There are available in such libraries as the British Museum, the Colonial Office, the Roual Colonial Institute, etc, reports of debates in the British Parliament, English newspaper files of the early period, and the printed copies of the more important official papers. The General Assembly Library in Wellington has the British Parliamentary Debates back to 1804, and most of the printed papers relating in New Zealand from the British Stationery Office. The archives of the London Missionary Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Aborigines Protection Society, and other organizations are teeming with references to New Zealand; so that, on the whole, it is doubtful whether New Zealand History cannot be as well studied from original sources in Great Britain as in New Zealand.
In New South Wales, which was our mother-colony till the middle of 1841, much the same class of material is available up to that date, with constant references tapering off in succeeding decades. The Mitchell Library abounds in such material.
Coming to New Zealand, which is the real subject of my paper, the main sources of our history in the Dominion may be scheduled as follows:-
Class A.Official: That is, in possession of the Government.
This includes the following records â
(1) British Resident.
(2) Government and Governor-General.
(3) The New Zealand Gazette.
(4) Pre-parliamentary Councils.
(5) New Zealand Parliament since 1853.
(6) Government Departments.
(7) Provincial Governments.
(8) New Zealand Company.
Class B.
Non-official.
This includes the records of â
(1) Local governing bodies.
(2) Newspapers.
(3) Non-official organizations.
Class C.
Private.
This includes personal diaries and letters.
1. Class A - Official Records.
Going through the classes section by section, under the heading âBritish Residentâ there are in the New Zealand archives two volumes of letters left by Busby at Bay of Islands. They date from 1833 and are of nor great importance, being in-letters with his own notes indicating the reply he sent to them. Busbyâs despatch-book (1833-39) is in the Turnbull Library.
Governor.
These include, as a rule, the despatches received and sent by the Governor and the Governor-General. Thanks to the generosity of the British Government, we have in the archives a series of twenty-five volumes containing the duplicates of the Governorâs outward despatches from 1840 to 1855. From then onward the most important despatches each year have been published in the Appendices to the Journals of the House. The earlier despatches affecting New Zealand until it became a separate colony are to be found published in the Australian âHistorical Recordsâ, and even after that date there are many references to this country in that valuable work. Series I of the Records, extending down to the year 1848, consists of Governorsâ despatches only. Many of the references to New Zealand up to 1840 have already been reprinted in the Dominion in McNabâs âHistorical Records of New Zealandâ
The Gazette.
The New Zealand Gazette, as the official organ of the Governor, and later of the Government, first appeared in 1840, in which year it consisted merely of the Treaty of Waitangi and two of Hobsonâs Proclamations. Year by year it grew in size, importance, and regularity of publication. Throughout the pre-parliamentary period the Gazette was generally the vehicle for publishing the proceedings of the Legislative Councils and the Executive Council, though on several occasions that duty seems to have been left to the newspaper press. In the middle of 1847, when the colony was divided into two provinces under the charter of 1846, the Gazette also bifurcated. The Gazette published at Auckland (which was then the seat of Government) was henceforth called the New Zealand Government Gazette (Province of New Ulster). It first appeared in 1948, and expired on the 2nd April, 1853. The Constitution Act appears on the 11th February 1953, and the boundaries of the new six provinces in the last issue. Being published at the seat of Government, this Gazette was more used than the other for General Government purposes. The Gazette published at Wellington was called the New Zealand Government Gazette (Province of New Munster). It first appeared on the 17th August, 1847, and last on the 29th February, 1853, the final issue containing the proclamation of the provinces under the new Constitution. In 1853, then, the Gazette again becomes one general Gazette for the whole of New Zealand. Up to the present time 166 volumes have been published, there being now three volumes in the year.
The Treaty of Waitangi
With regard to the Treaty of Waitangi, which has such an important bearing on the history of New Zealand, the official narratives of the signing show that in addition to the original copy signed by Hobson and the chiefs of Bay of Islands on the 6th February, 1940, seven identical copies were engrossed and signed by Hobson, of the one part, and sent in charge of certain prominent missionaries and officers to various parts of the coast to obtain the signatures of the chiefs so as to extend the sovereignty of the Queen over the whole country. The original copies of the Treaty narrowly escaped destruction by fire when the Government offices at Auckland were burned down in1841. George Eliott, the record clerk, arrived just in time to rescue the Treaty and the Seal of the Colony, which he took to the house of Felton Mathew, afterwards the residence of Colonel Wynyard. Eliott afterwards fastened the sheets together and deposited the Treaty in the Colonial Secretaryâs office, where it was stated they remained until at least 1865. In 1869 the Legislative Council asked for a reproduction of all the sheets and the rough draft to be laid on the table, but it was then reported by Gisborne that the original draft was not on record either in the Native Department of in the Colonial Secretaryâs Office. The text and translation were, however, published for the Legislative Council, with notes by W B Baker, translator to the Native Office. The original draft appears to have come to light during the next few years, for in 1877 the Government published as a separate paper, edited by H Hanson Turton, the rough draft prepared by Hobson, with the translation into Maori and facsimiles of the eight sheets which constitute the whole Treaty of Waitangi.
This publication is not by any means rare. I am informed by Mr James McDonald that the original sheets were discovered in the basement of the Government Buildings by Dr Hocken, and taken charge of by the Department of Internal Affairs. About 1908 they were sent to Mr A Hamilton, Director of the Dominion Museum, to see if they could be restored, and Mr Hamilton and Mr McDonald experimented as to the possibility of mounting them on fresh vellum. After Mr Hamiltonâs death, in 1913, Mr McDonald glued the original sheets on new canvas, and with the aid of the facsimiles he reproduced the portions that had been damaged by rats. The original sheets, thus skilfully restored, are now in safe keeping with the Department of Internal Affairs. As regards transcripts of the Treaty for historical use, I would refer students always to the official reproductions made in 1877. They preserve the text as printed at Bay of Islands at the time, and I should say that they would naturally convey the intention of the framers better than any other version. Indeed, I cannot see any warrant for departing from this text.
Pre-parliamentary Councils.
Before the Constitution of 1852 came into operation several furtive attempts were made by Sir George Grey to introduce a Legislative Assembly for the colony. The Legislative Council of New Zealand before the Constitution dates from May, 1841, when New Zealand became separate from New South Wales. Hobson had gathered round him a small body of officials and a smaller body of unofficial advisers, who became his Council. The law of New Zealand as a separate entity has its origin I the Ordinances of this Council. Some of its enactments and regulations, such as those covering municipalities, Customs, pilotage, justice, sanitation, fencing and so forth, were of great importance in laying the foundation of the governance of New Zealand.
The proceedings of the Legislative Council of New Zealand are to be found in a variety of publications. Generally the New Zealand Gazette contained them, but the two sessions of 1845 (Sessions V and VI) are found reported in the Wellington Spectator. Sessions IV and V are to be found in House of Commons papers relating to New Zealand (1845, No. 131, and 1846, No. 337). On the division of the Gazette for the two provinces in 1847 the two Gazettes took a hand at publishing the proceedings. The Sessions IX, XI and XII are in the New Munster Gazette and Session X in that of New Ulster. The Legislative Council of New Munster was opened on the 21st December, 1848, and the proceedings of the session and the one of 1849 appear in the Gazette of the province. Another session was called for August, 1850, postponed to October, and apparently abandoned. The Ordinances of the Province of New Munster are printed with those of Nelson and Wellington Provinces. Apparently the Legislative Council of New Ulster never met, for there are no references to its proceedings. The elections had just been held when the new Constitution came into force. The organization of the archives has not yet proceeded far enough to enable me to say whether the manuscript minutes of these bodies are in existence.
Parliamentary Publications.
From the time of the inauguration of the new Constitution in 1853 there is no break in the record of proceedings of the New Zealand Parliament. The principal of these are â
(1) Journals of the Legislative Council;
(2) Journals of the House of Representatives;
(3) Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives;
(4) Parliamentary Debates;
(5) Order Papers, Legislative Council;
(6) Order Papers, House of Representatives;
(7) Bills introduced;
(8) Bills thrown out;
(9) Statutes.
Let us consider each of these seriatim. From 1855 to 1914 the Journals of the Legislative Council were published with the principal papers added as Appendices. From 1914 onward only occasional papers are published with the Journals. The bulk of them are now laid on the table of both Houses and appear with the Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives.
The Journals of the House of Representatives from 1854 to 1856 were called âVotes and Proceedingsâ, the title generally used by the Provincial Councils for their minutes. Up to 1856 the papers have been printed apart in volumes which increase in size each year. Nowadays there are two or three volumes in the year, perhaps hour if Parliament holds two sessions. The Appendices, which now total 190 volumes, each about 3 inch thick, and, I think, the most important historical source of an official character in New Zealand. They include not only the annual reports of all the State Departments, but correspondence on any subject that is demanded by Parliament, many reports of Royal Commissions, and the more important of the despatches to and from the Imperial Government. Indeed, there is scarcely a subject in the whole of our economic, social and political history that is not somewhere dealt with in the Appendices in a copious and authoritative manner. Besides being a valuable historical source, the Appendices are a monument to the intellectual standard of the New Zealand Civil Service.
The Appendices are not archive or original matter, in that the documents published are not in the original manuscript of the writers. They are, however, faithful reproductions of those documents, and they have the added virtue that they are of contemporary origin. The great drawback to their free use is the want of a complete subject index. In 1915 an index was compiled by H P Brown (index clerk) covering the period 1854-1913; in 1924 a smaller one was published covering the period 1914-1922. But the most that these pretend to do is to record the titles of the documents under an ordinary index classification. What is urgently required is a thoroughly good subject index from 1854 to date, or, better still, on that would include also the pre-parliamentary proceedings.
To facilitate identification of volumes of the Appendices the General Assembly Library is adopting a serial numbering throughout, beginning with the volume for the year 1858. The following table shows the original classification of subjects.
1858
A Legislative and Political
B Finance
C Crown Lands
D Miscellaneous
E Aborigines
F Select Committees
G Petitions
The Journals of the House of Representatives were first indexed in 1892 by Mr H Otterson, then Clerk-Assistant, under the title âIndex to the Principal Resolutions passed by, and Motions negatived, withdrawn, and lapsed in the House of Representatives, covering the period 1854-92â. Ten years later a new and enlarged edition was brought out under the title of âA General Index to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealandâ. This covered the period 1893-1902. A subsequent edition covers the later period to 1923. It is scarcely necessary to say that what ever Mr Otterson did was well done.
Hansard.
For the first twelve years of its existence the New Zealand Parliament had no official reporting staff â no provision at all for an official record of speeches. It was left to the newspapers of the day to do this work, and as we know the newspapers of that day were very partisan, and were prone to publish in full the speeches of their own party and dismiss with such remarks as âineffectual speechâ, or âlong and rambling statementâ the speeches of their opponents. It was not till 1867 that Parliament had its debates officially reported. The period preceding that date was provided for many years later during the Premiership of Sir Robert Stout. In 1884 James Edward FitzGerald, one of the most distinguished New Zealand statesmen, and certainly one of her fines orators, approached the Premier with a suggestion that his son should, without remuneration, compile the record of the speeches of the period 1854-66. Sir Robert agreed, and Maurice FitzGerald, already suffering from the illness from which he died some years later, during the years 1884-88 compiled the four large volumes which now occupy the leading place in our Parliamentary Debates. Making use of newspaper reports and the Journals of Parliament, and getting the assistance of surviving members in correcting the proofs of their speeches, Maurice FitzGerald appears to have performed most creditably the task which he set himself of leaving to his country something worthy of respect. Considering that the compilation was undertaken thirty years offer the evens it was desired to record, he is entitled to the thanks of New Zealand for his achievement. In his introduction to Volume I he wrote, âIt is hoped that the volumes now published contain as full and faithful an account of the earlier proceedings of the General Assembly of New Zealand as can now be producedâ. Though he had much success with the speeches of the House of Representatives, he lamented that the majority of the speeches delivered in the Legislative Council was irretrievably lost.
The Parliamentary Debates, often called colloquially Hansard, now amount to 220 volumes. The additions each year average from three to five volumes, occasionally six. The earliest volumes (1854-67), referred to above, are marked in the General Assembly Library A to E. Commencing with 1867, the volumes are numbered serially. In 1867 Volume I was divided into Part I and Part II, but from Volume 2 (1868) the numbering is strictly serial. As regards Hansard, again I regret that there is no satisfactory index. Each volume contains the merely formal index of membersâ names, motions, etc, and there is a sessional index in the last volume of each session. A consolidated index of subjects and names from 1854 to date is required.
The Order Papers of the Legislative Council back to 1868, and of the House of Representatives to the same date, are preserved in the General Assembly Library, where are also the Bills introduced as far back as 1876 and the Bills thrown out to 1870. The statutes of New Zealand have been published regularly from 1841 to the present time, generally in yearly volumes. There has been a great output of these each year, but when laws are consolidated the old volumes tend to be thrown aside and I doubt whether many complete sets would be found in New Zealand outside of Government Departments and law libraries.
The âRulings of the Speaker of the House of Representativesâ were first published for the period 1867 to 1888, and a later edition covered the whole period 1867 to 1911. C C N Barron (Chief Hansard Reporter) and H Otterson (Clerk of the House) edited these productions. âNotes in connection with Procedure in Committee of the Whole in the House of Representativesâ has been brought down to 1906.
Standing Orders of both Houses were originally printed with the Votes and Proceedings. They have since appeared as separate publications, the latest for the House of Representatives being dated 1925, and for the Legislative Council 1921.
A very useful official publication in connection with Parliamentary institutions in New Zealand is the âParliamentary Recordâ, which was first published in 1913 under the direction of the Minister of Internal Affairs, and edited by Mr M Fraser, Government Statistician. This contains a list, as complete as the records available at the time showed, of the members of every Parliament and Provincial Council since 1853, and of the Legislative and Executive Councils before that date. The latest edition brought the matter up to 1925.
Electoral rolls for parliamentary elections have been printed from the âseventiesâ to date.
The estimates were printed as long ago as 1841, and are always presented to Parliament in print. For many years past they have not been classed as parliamentary papers and are not bound with the Appendices. In the General Assembly Library are the estimates for 1845-46, the appropriations from 1869 to 1898, and the estimates from 1889 to date. For the earlier years both estimates and appropriations are to be found in the Gazette or in the statutes.
On the whole, the published records of the New Zealand Parliament are very complete, and the scientific researcher or the student of New Zealand history must by looking for something very obscure if he cannot find it somewhere in the hundreds of volumes that I have enumerated. That there is no much trouble in arriving at obscure facts from these sources is due to the need I have mentioned for a comprehensive and full index. I cannot think of any more useful service that could be rendered now to the cause of history in New Zealand than the compilation of a complete dictionary index to the official publications I have mentioned. I hope that the University of New Zealand will see its way to approve of this as thesis or scholarship work or offer some other sort of encouragement.
Records of Government Departments.
The original correspondence and records of the Departments of State usually form the bulk of the contents of the archives of a country, and practically every country in the world has undertaken the organization of its archives. In New Zealand these files extend right back to the beginning of the colony, revealing the history of the operations of the Government from beginning to end. They are, in fact, the raw material of the history of New Zealand. It is generally understood that the records of Departments in New Zealand have suffered much loss from fire, water and the inexorable need of finding space in overcrowded offices for the rapidly expanding business of the State. How serious these losses have been it is much too early to say. Up to the present I have been surprised to find how much has been saved, thanks to the enthusiasm of departmental officers. There is an old legend that practically everything of value up to the early âsixtiesâ went to the bottom of the sea when the âWhite Swanâ was wrecked off the East Coast in 1862. As a matter of fact, the loss then, as recorded in a return to Parliament in 1865, was not very serious. The most important was the letter-books of the Colonial Secretary under different heads, but as they only went back a few years from the date of the wreck this was not disastrous. The Colonial Secretaryâs Office was then the pivot Department of the Government, and it is comforting to know that the inward correspondence for the whole period 1840 to 1865 is preserved and bound in 270 volumes. The outward letters are also in existence, with the exception of those that were lost with the âWhite Scanâ. It is very creditable to the Internal Affairs department that these records have been preserved for so many years against the inevitable perils of records in a young colony; and there is no reason to suppose that the other Departments which date far back in out history have not done equally well.
Statistics.
Amongst non-parliamentary publications mention should be made of the various statistical documents. Blue-books were prepared in manuscript in accordance with the requirements of the Colonial Office for the years 1841 to 1855. These are preserved in the Government Statisticianâs Office, the New Zealand Archives, and the General Assembly Library. The statistics of New Munster, 1841-48, compiled by Alfred Domett, were published by the Legislative Council of that province in 1849, the statistics of Nelson, 1843-54, by the Nelson Provincial Council in 1855, and those of âNew Plymouthâ, 1853-54, by the Taranaki Provincial Council.
Blue-books containing the statistics of New Zealand for 1853, 1854, 1855 and 2856 were published by the Registrar-General in 1858. There-after the same officer issued them annually, the Division of Census and Statistics taking over the work in 1921. From 1889 to 1920 there was no accompanying letterpress, but in 1921 the annual statistics were published in nine annual sheets, each covering a definite branch and including explanatory letterpress.
Census statistics were published after each census from 1858 with the annual statistics until 1871, when they became a separate publication. From 1891 to 1911 the report on the census was published separately. The reports on census and statistics, which were first published separately in 1889 and 1890, give place in 1891 to a report on the census of that year. In 1892 it appeared under the title of the âNew Zealand Official Handbookâ, and after 1893 as the âNew Zealand Year-bookâ. This was modelled on Vogelâs Official Handbook of 1875 (published in Great Britain in 1875), and revised in 1884 by William Gisborne. It is a most comprehensive and valuable annual. The Monthly Abstract of Statistics has been published since October, 1914, and the Pocket Compendium since 1927. The municipal Handbook first appeared in 1903; it has since been remodelled (1926) as the Local Authorities Handbook.
Provincial Government Records.
Another important class of the official records of New Zealand includes the papers of the Provincial Governments which existed from 1853 to 1876. This is a field which I am surprised has received so little attention from New Zealand historians and students, as a great deal of the literature on the subject is more or less readily available even in other large centres than Wellington. Not only is the provincial period one of intense interest as illustrating the gradual development of New Zealand from a group of isolated communities with divergent ideas into a unified nation, but practically every statesman of standing in the history of New Zealand, at least up to 1890, commenced his political career in the Provincial Councils. The papers left by the Provincial Governments passed into the custody of the General Government on the abolition of the provinces in 1876, but there was sufficient published in each of the provinces to furnish the historian with practically everything he needs for ordinary purposes. Each province published its own Gazette each year of its existence, and there are 200 volumes of Gazette altogether. Then there are about 200 volumes also of Votes and Proceedings. With the exception of Taranaki and Marlborough, each of the province published the Proceedings of every session of the Council. Most of them published their Ordinances separately, but others merely appended them to the Proceedings of printed them in the Gazette. These 400 volumes published by the provinces in the period 1853 to 1876 contain much of the intimate social and economic history of that very interesting period. In the General Assembly Library at Wellington the whole body of provincial literature is practically complete, while the Alexander Turnbull Library at Wellington, the Hocken Library (Dunedin), and other public libraries throughout the Dominion have more or less satisfactory collections, chiefly confined to the publications of their own provinces. Students devoting themselves to this period should be careful always to consult the Gazette of the general Government as well as those of the provinces, for there seems to have been no very strict rule as to the vehicle to be used for official publication. Occasionally a provincial Gazette did not even publish the list of members elected to the Council of the province.
The preservation and arrangement of the manuscript records of the provinces is at present engaging the attention of the Archive Division.
New Zealand Company.
The papers of the New Zealand Company must always be an important factor in writing the history of the colony, and I am glad to say that they appear to have been very carefully preserved. When the company stopped colonizing, in 1850, as a prelude to its dissolution, steps were gradually taken for the concentration in Great Britain of all the records of the New Zealand settlements, five in number. The Company dissolved in 1858, when all its books and papers were surrendered to the British Government in first-class condition. Not only were the minute-books of the directors and various committees preserved, but even the draft minutes and amass of other draft material showing the activity of various directors and officials in the correspondence and policy of the Company. Even the spent cheques and the petty-cash vouchers for the whole period were preserved, so that it is possible to-day to trace the 2½d. per day allowed for snuff to the Companyâs messenger, and each cab-fare paid between Adam Street and Downing Street in the anxious days of the Companyâs decline.
The system of keeping accounts and records is a tribute to the memory of Thomas Cudbert Harington, who was for the grater part of the time, secretary to the Company.
When the Company dissolved, its records duly found their way into the cellars of the Public Record Office in London, where I was privileged to have access to them twenty years ago for research purposes. They were, however, not organized as archives, and it was difficult then to use for historical purposes this rich store of authoritative material. I regret to say that the first student to make use of the New Zealand Companyâs papers as archives was not a New Zealander, but a Dutch Rhodes Scholar from South Africa, Dr J S Marais. About thirty years ago the late Dr Hocken made an examination of the papers, and some years later a considerable quantity of them was sent to New Zealand as a gift to the Dominion. With the exception of some attention paid to them by the late Dr Allan Thomson, Director of the Dominion Museum, they have remained unorganized until the appointment of an Archivist about three years ago. I naturally made it one of my first objects on taking up that position to overhaul and sort this mass of papers. It includes, I regret to say, very little of what archivists regard as first-class matter, such as original despatches and inward letters. The great bulk of it is duplicates, copies, and drafts. Nevertheless, in default of possessing the originals, these documents have considerable historical value, and I believe that advanced students in the future will be able to do valuable work on this foundation. About 150 volumes have already been bound or are in process of binding.
Meanwhile the Public record Office in London has completed the organization of the main deposit of these records, and the Keeper of the Rolls has courteously furnished me with a copy of the list, which will be published this year in England. It shows that the British Government has retained the original records practically complete, and they are bound in more than 300 volumes. By an oversight, apparently, they parted with the last volume of the Companyâs minute-book, which has been reposing in the General Assembly Library for some years past.
Historical Records.
I have often been asked when the next volume of the âHistorical Records of New Zealandâ will be published. That is a question it would be rash to try to answer. It would be ridiculous to commence publishing State documents until some progress has been made in assembling then to ascertain whether the different series are complete, or nearly so. To publish fresh volumes while the archives are in their present elementary state would be to court censure, because other documents would certainly be discovered later which should have appeared in their proper place. The âHistorical Records of Australiaâ, which have been in hand for twenty years, now amount to over thirty published volumes. Series I (of twenty-six volumes) contains the Governorâs despatches down to the year 1848. Series III (which began in 1921) contains papers relating to the settlement of the various States; it now amounts to six volumes. Series IV (legal papers) has just commenced. Two volumes of âNew Zealand Historical Recordsâ were published by the late Dr McNab. Volume I, which appeared in 1908, comprises almost exclusively those documents from the records of New South Wales which concern New Zealand. Those down to the year 1811 were extracted from the published records of New South Wales; those subsequent to that date were taken from the manuscript archives in Sydney. Volume 2, which appeared in 1914, contains documents with few exceptions, relating to the period up to the Treaty of Waitangi. Dr McNab pointed out that his two volumes were not exhaustive as to period, and he left amongst his papers material which would have filled in many gaps. It would be a poor compliment to him to go ahead with this important national work until the material is in such a state of organization that there is a reasonable possibility of treating one period at a time completely.
2. Class B - Non-official Records.
Coming now to the non-official records of New Zealand, a very important class of these is the records of local governing bodies in the shape of minute-books, rate-books, correspondence, etc, of Municipalities, Counties, Water, Road, River, Highway, Education, Harbour, and Power Boards, and so on. It is presumed that all of these remain in possession of the local bodies concerned, and that they have suffered the usual toll of fire, the great bane of the public records in young countries. What condition they are in is a matter for the local bodies themselves.
The second class of non-official records, constituting the chief source of local history in New Zealand, is the newspapers. The importance of this source it is scarcely possible to exaggerate. I cannot imagine any student or historian setting out to write the history of New Zealand without constant reference to the newspapers of the period with which he is dealing. He could not possibly otherwise get a proper idea of his subject. I am only too well aware of the frailties of the best-conducted and best-intentioned newspapers to suggest that any historian should make use of them without careful discrimination. No country in the world has had a better press than that of New Zealand, but if we look at the tone of portion of the New Zealand press in, say, the âfiftiesâ or the âsixtiesâ we will find an extreme partisanship, sometimes coupled with a bitterness and scurrility which must warn the historian to weigh very carefully what such papers say before making use of it. The trouble was that with many of them their only reason for existence was to support a political party. Their proprietors were hopelessly mixed up in politics, and again and again the opposing candidates for the Superintendency were the proprietors or the editors of the opposition papers. Their controversies were so bitter that it would be unwise to interpret any of their statements on contemporary politics without due allowance for these human weaknesses. Saunders, in his interesting history of New Zealand, shows how settlement after settlement struggled to get a second newspaper because the existing one would not treat its opponents fairly. Still, bad as the papers were from this point of view, their very badness was a sign of the times in which they existed, and almost any newspaper you can pick up contains matter of the historian which cannot be obtained elsewhere.
I appreciate so strongly the historical value of newspapers that I have been in touch with the Municipal Association and the Newspaper Proprietorsâ Association with a view to inducing them to co-operate in preserving files of their local papers. It occasionally happens that a newspaper office is burned down and loses the whole of its back files. It is very rarely that anybody else has preserved a file, and the result is the irretrievable loss of the whole of the local history of the place. This has happened three times in the last two or three years. As country newspapers, in any case, tend to amalgamate or to die out, the loss becomes even more serious. I hope that before long newspapers and local bodies will co-operate in the preservation of complete files apart from the one that is usually kept in the newspaper office. It would be the most effective and the cheapest means of pr4eserving the local history of a district.
The other class of non-official records includes those of churches, missionary societies, agricultural association, trades-unions, friendly societies, and so on. They are private property, but it is not too much to hope that as time goes by money of them may become available. This has already happened to some extent with regard to the historical records of churches and missionary societies, and there must be much more suitable for publications
3. Class 3 - Private Records.
The purely private historical sources are private diaries and letters referring to the early days, or even to the present time. There is great historical value in any fairly written and reasonable intelligent diary, and those which record the âsmall beerâ of life â the things that do not usually get into the newspapers or other official records â are liable to be the most valuable. But a dairy to have any value must be genuine â that is to say, it must be written at the time about contemporary events. We see occasionally important journals published as contemporary records of events which a little study readily reveals to have been written long years afterwards and to have no real value at all. Some years ago, when the Akaroa incident was being discussed, a Canterbury resident put forward what purported to be the diary of C B Robinson, the Magistrate, written at the time of the French incident at Akaroa. An obvious disparity in dates at once exposed the fact that it was not a diary at all. The first part of it had been composed from memory â in all good faith, no doubt â years after the event, and was not even supported by the original of the Magistrateâs instructions. It was only necessary to compare it with the humble logs of HMS âBritomartâ in the Public Record Office in London to see that it was historically worthless, for there could be no suggestion that a captain and a master in the Royal Navy, recording independently every event of their workaday life, would be in collusion to âcookâ their record. They had no idea that they were making history.
One more, with regard to the memories and reminiscences of the old pioneers I am afraid that we must realize their limitations as historical sources. To my mind the period for which these recollections, if they were reliable, are most valuable is the first twenty or twenty-five years after the foundation of the colony â say, from 1840 to 1865 â because in those truly pioneering days the press itself was only in its infancy and the settlements were so small that the newspapers took it for granted that everybody knew the local news of the place. It is the commonplace facts of life that we so much require to enable us to reconstruct the picture of the past. Real reminiscences of those days were of value in their time, but we must recognize that the pioneering period I have referred to ended about sixty years ago and there are in fact no survivors to-day with reliable memories. There cannot be.
To illustrate what I mean, the provincial period in New Zealand extended from 1853 to 1876. During that time there were ten provinces, and 1,031 of the leading men of New Zealand passed through those Provincial Councils as members. The provinces were abolished in 1876.
Today I believe there are only four survivors out of that large body of 1,031 Councillors. They were members of the Otago Provincial Council â Sir Robert Stout, Sir John Roberts (Dunedin), Sir James Mills (London) and Mr de Lautout (Gisborne). Mr G B Davy, the sole survivor of the Auckland Provincial Council, died in 1929. We all know the remarkably virile and retentive memory of Sir Robert Stout, and I can say the same of Mr de Lautour. But there are only four survivors of a period that ended in 1876. How vain it must be, therefore, to hope to find in New Zealand men or women who remember with accuracy the events of a period which ended twelve years before that. I do not altogether decry recollections as useless, but I do say that we must not aspire to stretch them too far back, and we must always be prepared in getting recollections from old people of whatever period, to assist their memories with dates and facts which are established. I hope that as years go by many more journals and diaries and letters of old New Zealanders will be published. During the last year have appeared the Bidwill papers, the diary of the Rev. T S Grace, and portion of the diary of the Rev. J G Butler. Other documents of like character may come from the most unexpected quarters. A long as they are contemporary records, then, with all their imperfections, they will be valuable historical material, and will be welcome in such libraries as the Alexander Turnbull, the Hocken and the Auckland Public. The Archives Division is always ready to accept on deposit any documents which throw light upon the history of New Zealand, or fill in the gaps of the historical records.
Show History
1. Summary of agency history
Until 1893 the care of government archives was the responsibility of the Colonial Secretary's Department. With other responsibilities it was passed to the Department of Internal Affairs in 1907.
In 1926 it was decided that a Dominion Archives should be established to ensure "...the proper custody of important historical documents dating back to the foundation of New Zealand as a Colony..." and Dr G H Scholefield, Chief Librarian of the General Assembly Library, was appointed Controller of Dominion Archives. His first actions were to locate and investigate storage conditions of departmental holdings of records and to send a circular to municipalities suggesting how they might assist Dominion Archives in caring for the records of local government [1].
By 1930 Scholefield had sought an Archives Act and a building but both recommendations were shelved without action. He was given no financial or staff resources to carry out his function as controller of Dominion Archives until 1947 when, a year before Scholefield's retirement in 1948, Michael Standish was appointed as officer-in-charge of government archives working under the direction of the Department of Internal Affairs Historical Branch.
After the 1952 fire in the Hope Gibbons Building which destroyed government records dating back to the 1850s, the Public Service Commission accepted the proposal to appoint a Chief Archivist, but it was not put into effect until the passing of the Archives Act in 1957.
A move from the Library to separate accommodation in the Employers' Federation Building in 1954 accompanied the change of the name of Dominion Archives to National Archives.
However, not until the passing of the Archives Act in 1957 was there statutory provision for the existence of the National Archives as a branch of the Department of Internal Affairs and for the appointment of a Chief Archivist.
Footnotes:
[1] AJHR, H.22, 1927
2.  Timeline showing the history of the national archives in New Zealand
1840    Instructions accompanied founding Governor Hobson that provision was to be made for the security of the colonial records; no special provision was in fact made. The Colonial Secretary was nominally responsible for government records until 1907 and after him the Minister of Internal Affairs.
1853-1876    Provincial government period but few provincial archival arrangements.
1872    A commission was appointed 'to enquire into the mode of keeping and providing for the safe custody and protection of the records of the colony'. No action was taken.
1906Â Â Â Â A. Hamilton, Director of the Dominion Museum, advocated the appointment of a Director of Colonial Records and the construction of a reinforced concrete building; no action was taken.
1907Â Â Â Â Hamilton set up a central store of old government records in Alexandra Barracks - it became the National Historical Collection.
1907Â Â Â Â Dr Hocken's collection given to the University of Otago - the nucleus of the Hocken Library.
1912Â Â Â Â The Hunt Commission of the Public Service deplored the lack of adequate and safe accommodation for the government archives and urged that provision be made; no action was taken.
1914-1918Â Â Â Â First World War - the army reclaimed Alexandra Barracks and the National Historical Collection was dispersed.
1920Â Â Â Â The Alexander Turnbull Library was established as a gift to the country.
1926    G. H. Scholefield became Controller of Dominion Archives as well as Chief Librarian of the General Assembly Library but with no staff and no building. A considerable quantity of archives from all over the country was gradually assembled in General Assembly Library attic, and the principle was established that no government records were to be destroyed without Scholefield's consent.
1936    E. H. McCormick was employed to work on the archives. His work was interrupted by his appointment first as editor of New Zealand centennial publications and later as Chief War Archivist.
1940Â Â Â Â New Zealand Centennial - resulted in increased interest in history.
1941    E. H. McCormick was appointed to collect and collate archives generated by New Zealand forces fighting in the Middle East.
1944Â Â Â Â McCormick appointed Chief War Archivist.
1945Â Â Â Â McCormick produced a report on archives and a plan for future archival work; this plan and recommendation for a National Archives was submitted to Internal Affairs and received general approval.
1947Â Â Â Â Scholefield retired as Dominion Archivist.
1947Â Â Â Â McCormick left and went to Auckland University College.
1948    Otago centennial - resulted in increased interest in history.
1948Â Â Â Â First draft of an archives act.
1948Â Â Â Â M. W. Standish was seconded from the War History Branch to look after the archives.
1949Â Â Â Â There was an increase in staff (research assistant and cadet) and additional storage space - in a shed at Seaview, Petone.
1950    Public support for archives increased - newspapers, history conferences, the New Zealand Library Association Archives Seminar at the annual conference; lobbying and the Canterbury centennial.
1951Â Â Â Â New Zealand Library Association Archives Committee established.
1952Â Â Â Â Standish went overseas to study archival methods used abroad.
1952    Hope Gibbons building fire resulted in the destruction of, or severe damage to, the records of Public Works, Land and Survey, Labour and Employment, Marine, and Agriculture files. This resulted in more public pressure and lobbying.
1953    New Zealand Library Association Archives Committee began a survey of the records of local bodies on a geographical basis. It also appointed regional consultants to give advice to authorities concerned about their records.
1954    T. R. Schellenberg, Director of the U. S. National Archives, visited New Zealand.
1954Â Â Â Â The Dominion Archives moved from the General Assembly Library attic to the Employers Federation Building, 12 The Terrace.
1954Â Â Â Â N. Z. L. A. Archives Committee laid plans for a union catalogue of manuscripts.
1955Â Â Â Â N.Z. L. A. Archives Committee published An Elementary Guide to Archives Practice.
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3. Bulletin No. 1 - Historical Sources and Archives in New Zealand by G H Scholefield, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.Hist.S.,
Controller of Dominion Archives,  Archives Division, Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand
Published under the Authority of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Wellington, NZBy Authority: W A G Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington 1929
This first Bulletin of the Archives Division may be regarded as an introduction to the archives of the Dominion. It is based on papers read before the Wellington Historical Association in 1928 and before the New Zealand Science Congress at Auckland on 26th January, 1929; and it is published as a bulletin by courtesy of the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology.
HISTORICAL SOURCES AND ARCHIVES IN NEW ZEALAND
In considering the archives and historical sources in existence in New Zealand it is necessary first of all to recognize the special conditions that obtain here as compared with those of older countries, and to consider their bearing upon the preservation of historical documents.
First of all, it is advisable to make up our minds as to what constitutes a historical source. I think that it will meet the case for us to say that a historical source is a document of contemporary origin and of original character which may be used as foundation material in writing history. I would not restrict the definition to manuscript documents, because that would exclude a vast quantity of material in New Zealand which has all the attributes of originality and contemporary origin, except that it is available to us only in print of type. Many of the official documents of the colony and of the old provinces are now extant only in printed form; they were so published at the time, and in many cases the manuscript has been either lost or destroyed. Again, during the last thirty years the typewriter has completely taken the place of handwriting in the preparation of public and official correspondence, and even of many private letters. And, finally, the printed newspapers of New Zealand since 1839 constitute an indispensable source of material for the study of our history. The main point upon which I would insist in admitting any document as historical source matter is that it should be of contemporary origin â that is, written at the time of the occurrences that it purports to record. There are thousands of events in New Zealand of which there is no record at all except in printed papers. As far as we know, diarists in New Zealand have been few and far between, with the notable exception of the writers for the press; but obscure chronicles are liable to come to light from the most unexpected quarters. On the whole, the element of contemporary record is perhaps of more importance than the official nature of the document.
Many of the more important sources of the early history of New Zealand are preserved in Great Britain or in Australia. In the Public Record Office in London are to be found the whole of the original despatches and reports sent from the colony to the Secretary of State, copies of all the outward correspondence and instructions, and a mass of other material, which might be roughly classified under these heads:-
(1) Letters patent, Royal instructions, etc;
(2) Despatches from New Zealand and from New South Wales;
(3) Duplicates of despatches sent to New Zealand and New South Wales;
(4) Logs of H.M. ships which have visited New Zealand;
(5) Reports sent to the Admiralty, the War Office, the Colonial Office, the Board of Trade etc;
(6) Papers formerly belonging to the New Zealand Company.
There are available in such libraries as the British Museum, the Colonial Office, the Roual Colonial Institute, etc, reports of debates in the British Parliament, English newspaper files of the early period, and the printed copies of the more important official papers. The General Assembly Library in Wellington has the British Parliamentary Debates back to 1804, and most of the printed papers relating in New Zealand from the British Stationery Office. The archives of the London Missionary Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Aborigines Protection Society, and other organizations are teeming with references to New Zealand; so that, on the whole, it is doubtful whether New Zealand History cannot be as well studied from original sources in Great Britain as in New Zealand.
In New South Wales, which was our mother-colony till the middle of 1841, much the same class of material is available up to that date, with constant references tapering off in succeeding decades. The Mitchell Library abounds in such material.
Coming to New Zealand, which is the real subject of my paper, the main sources of our history in the Dominion may be scheduled as follows:-
Class A.Official: That is, in possession of the Government.
This includes the following records â
(1) British Resident.
(2) Government and Governor-General.
(3) The New Zealand Gazette.
(4) Pre-parliamentary Councils.
(5) New Zealand Parliament since 1853.
(6) Government Departments.
(7) Provincial Governments.
(8) New Zealand Company.
Class B.
Non-official.
This includes the records of â
(1) Local governing bodies.
(2) Newspapers.
(3) Non-official organizations.
Class C.
Private.
This includes personal diaries and letters.
1. Class A - Official Records.
Going through the classes section by section, under the heading âBritish Residentâ there are in the New Zealand archives two volumes of letters left by Busby at Bay of Islands. They date from 1833 and are of nor great importance, being in-letters with his own notes indicating the reply he sent to them. Busbyâs despatch-book (1833-39) is in the Turnbull Library.
Governor.
These include, as a rule, the despatches received and sent by the Governor and the Governor-General. Thanks to the generosity of the British Government, we have in the archives a series of twenty-five volumes containing the duplicates of the Governorâs outward despatches from 1840 to 1855. From then onward the most important despatches each year have been published in the Appendices to the Journals of the House. The earlier despatches affecting New Zealand until it became a separate colony are to be found published in the Australian âHistorical Recordsâ, and even after that date there are many references to this country in that valuable work. Series I of the Records, extending down to the year 1848, consists of Governorsâ despatches only. Many of the references to New Zealand up to 1840 have already been reprinted in the Dominion in McNabâs âHistorical Records of New Zealandâ
The Gazette.
The New Zealand Gazette, as the official organ of the Governor, and later of the Government, first appeared in 1840, in which year it consisted merely of the Treaty of Waitangi and two of Hobsonâs Proclamations. Year by year it grew in size, importance, and regularity of publication. Throughout the pre-parliamentary period the Gazette was generally the vehicle for publishing the proceedings of the Legislative Councils and the Executive Council, though on several occasions that duty seems to have been left to the newspaper press. In the middle of 1847, when the colony was divided into two provinces under the charter of 1846, the Gazette also bifurcated. The Gazette published at Auckland (which was then the seat of Government) was henceforth called the New Zealand Government Gazette (Province of New Ulster). It first appeared in 1948, and expired on the 2nd April, 1853. The Constitution Act appears on the 11th February 1953, and the boundaries of the new six provinces in the last issue. Being published at the seat of Government, this Gazette was more used than the other for General Government purposes. The Gazette published at Wellington was called the New Zealand Government Gazette (Province of New Munster). It first appeared on the 17th August, 1847, and last on the 29th February, 1853, the final issue containing the proclamation of the provinces under the new Constitution. In 1853, then, the Gazette again becomes one general Gazette for the whole of New Zealand. Up to the present time 166 volumes have been published, there being now three volumes in the year.
The Treaty of Waitangi
With regard to the Treaty of Waitangi, which has such an important bearing on the history of New Zealand, the official narratives of the signing show that in addition to the original copy signed by Hobson and the chiefs of Bay of Islands on the 6th February, 1940, seven identical copies were engrossed and signed by Hobson, of the one part, and sent in charge of certain prominent missionaries and officers to various parts of the coast to obtain the signatures of the chiefs so as to extend the sovereignty of the Queen over the whole country. The original copies of the Treaty narrowly escaped destruction by fire when the Government offices at Auckland were burned down in1841. George Eliott, the record clerk, arrived just in time to rescue the Treaty and the Seal of the Colony, which he took to the house of Felton Mathew, afterwards the residence of Colonel Wynyard. Eliott afterwards fastened the sheets together and deposited the Treaty in the Colonial Secretaryâs office, where it was stated they remained until at least 1865. In 1869 the Legislative Council asked for a reproduction of all the sheets and the rough draft to be laid on the table, but it was then reported by Gisborne that the original draft was not on record either in the Native Department of in the Colonial Secretaryâs Office. The text and translation were, however, published for the Legislative Council, with notes by W B Baker, translator to the Native Office. The original draft appears to have come to light during the next few years, for in 1877 the Government published as a separate paper, edited by H Hanson Turton, the rough draft prepared by Hobson, with the translation into Maori and facsimiles of the eight sheets which constitute the whole Treaty of Waitangi.
This publication is not by any means rare. I am informed by Mr James McDonald that the original sheets were discovered in the basement of the Government Buildings by Dr Hocken, and taken charge of by the Department of Internal Affairs. About 1908 they were sent to Mr A Hamilton, Director of the Dominion Museum, to see if they could be restored, and Mr Hamilton and Mr McDonald experimented as to the possibility of mounting them on fresh vellum. After Mr Hamiltonâs death, in 1913, Mr McDonald glued the original sheets on new canvas, and with the aid of the facsimiles he reproduced the portions that had been damaged by rats. The original sheets, thus skilfully restored, are now in safe keeping with the Department of Internal Affairs. As regards transcripts of the Treaty for historical use, I would refer students always to the official reproductions made in 1877. They preserve the text as printed at Bay of Islands at the time, and I should say that they would naturally convey the intention of the framers better than any other version. Indeed, I cannot see any warrant for departing from this text.
Pre-parliamentary Councils.
Before the Constitution of 1852 came into operation several furtive attempts were made by Sir George Grey to introduce a Legislative Assembly for the colony. The Legislative Council of New Zealand before the Constitution dates from May, 1841, when New Zealand became separate from New South Wales. Hobson had gathered round him a small body of officials and a smaller body of unofficial advisers, who became his Council. The law of New Zealand as a separate entity has its origin I the Ordinances of this Council. Some of its enactments and regulations, such as those covering municipalities, Customs, pilotage, justice, sanitation, fencing and so forth, were of great importance in laying the foundation of the governance of New Zealand.
The proceedings of the Legislative Council of New Zealand are to be found in a variety of publications. Generally the New Zealand Gazette contained them, but the two sessions of 1845 (Sessions V and VI) are found reported in the Wellington Spectator. Sessions IV and V are to be found in House of Commons papers relating to New Zealand (1845, No. 131, and 1846, No. 337). On the division of the Gazette for the two provinces in 1847 the two Gazettes took a hand at publishing the proceedings. The Sessions IX, XI and XII are in the New Munster Gazette and Session X in that of New Ulster. The Legislative Council of New Munster was opened on the 21st December, 1848, and the proceedings of the session and the one of 1849 appear in the Gazette of the province. Another session was called for August, 1850, postponed to October, and apparently abandoned. The Ordinances of the Province of New Munster are printed with those of Nelson and Wellington Provinces. Apparently the Legislative Council of New Ulster never met, for there are no references to its proceedings. The elections had just been held when the new Constitution came into force. The organization of the archives has not yet proceeded far enough to enable me to say whether the manuscript minutes of these bodies are in existence.
Parliamentary Publications.
From the time of the inauguration of the new Constitution in 1853 there is no break in the record of proceedings of the New Zealand Parliament. The principal of these are â
(1) Journals of the Legislative Council;
(2) Journals of the House of Representatives;
(3) Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives;
(4) Parliamentary Debates;
(5) Order Papers, Legislative Council;
(6) Order Papers, House of Representatives;
(7) Bills introduced;
(8) Bills thrown out;
(9) Statutes.
Let us consider each of these seriatim. From 1855 to 1914 the Journals of the Legislative Council were published with the principal papers added as Appendices. From 1914 onward only occasional papers are published with the Journals. The bulk of them are now laid on the table of both Houses and appear with the Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives.
The Journals of the House of Representatives from 1854 to 1856 were called âVotes and Proceedingsâ, the title generally used by the Provincial Councils for their minutes. Up to 1856 the papers have been printed apart in volumes which increase in size each year. Nowadays there are two or three volumes in the year, perhaps hour if Parliament holds two sessions. The Appendices, which now total 190 volumes, each about 3 inch thick, and, I think, the most important historical source of an official character in New Zealand. They include not only the annual reports of all the State Departments, but correspondence on any subject that is demanded by Parliament, many reports of Royal Commissions, and the more important of the despatches to and from the Imperial Government. Indeed, there is scarcely a subject in the whole of our economic, social and political history that is not somewhere dealt with in the Appendices in a copious and authoritative manner. Besides being a valuable historical source, the Appendices are a monument to the intellectual standard of the New Zealand Civil Service.
The Appendices are not archive or original matter, in that the documents published are not in the original manuscript of the writers. They are, however, faithful reproductions of those documents, and they have the added virtue that they are of contemporary origin. The great drawback to their free use is the want of a complete subject index. In 1915 an index was compiled by H P Brown (index clerk) covering the period 1854-1913; in 1924 a smaller one was published covering the period 1914-1922. But the most that these pretend to do is to record the titles of the documents under an ordinary index classification. What is urgently required is a thoroughly good subject index from 1854 to date, or, better still, on that would include also the pre-parliamentary proceedings.
To facilitate identification of volumes of the Appendices the General Assembly Library is adopting a serial numbering throughout, beginning with the volume for the year 1858. The following table shows the original classification of subjects.
1858
A Legislative and Political
B Finance
C Crown Lands
D Miscellaneous
E Aborigines
F Select Committees
G Petitions
The Journals of the House of Representatives were first indexed in 1892 by Mr H Otterson, then Clerk-Assistant, under the title âIndex to the Principal Resolutions passed by, and Motions negatived, withdrawn, and lapsed in the House of Representatives, covering the period 1854-92â. Ten years later a new and enlarged edition was brought out under the title of âA General Index to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealandâ. This covered the period 1893-1902. A subsequent edition covers the later period to 1923. It is scarcely necessary to say that what ever Mr Otterson did was well done.
Hansard.
For the first twelve years of its existence the New Zealand Parliament had no official reporting staff â no provision at all for an official record of speeches. It was left to the newspapers of the day to do this work, and as we know the newspapers of that day were very partisan, and were prone to publish in full the speeches of their own party and dismiss with such remarks as âineffectual speechâ, or âlong and rambling statementâ the speeches of their opponents. It was not till 1867 that Parliament had its debates officially reported. The period preceding that date was provided for many years later during the Premiership of Sir Robert Stout. In 1884 James Edward FitzGerald, one of the most distinguished New Zealand statesmen, and certainly one of her fines orators, approached the Premier with a suggestion that his son should, without remuneration, compile the record of the speeches of the period 1854-66. Sir Robert agreed, and Maurice FitzGerald, already suffering from the illness from which he died some years later, during the years 1884-88 compiled the four large volumes which now occupy the leading place in our Parliamentary Debates. Making use of newspaper reports and the Journals of Parliament, and getting the assistance of surviving members in correcting the proofs of their speeches, Maurice FitzGerald appears to have performed most creditably the task which he set himself of leaving to his country something worthy of respect. Considering that the compilation was undertaken thirty years offer the evens it was desired to record, he is entitled to the thanks of New Zealand for his achievement. In his introduction to Volume I he wrote, âIt is hoped that the volumes now published contain as full and faithful an account of the earlier proceedings of the General Assembly of New Zealand as can now be producedâ. Though he had much success with the speeches of the House of Representatives, he lamented that the majority of the speeches delivered in the Legislative Council was irretrievably lost.
The Parliamentary Debates, often called colloquially Hansard, now amount to 220 volumes. The additions each year average from three to five volumes, occasionally six. The earliest volumes (1854-67), referred to above, are marked in the General Assembly Library A to E. Commencing with 1867, the volumes are numbered serially. In 1867 Volume I was divided into Part I and Part II, but from Volume 2 (1868) the numbering is strictly serial. As regards Hansard, again I regret that there is no satisfactory index. Each volume contains the merely formal index of membersâ names, motions, etc, and there is a sessional index in the last volume of each session. A consolidated index of subjects and names from 1854 to date is required.
The Order Papers of the Legislative Council back to 1868, and of the House of Representatives to the same date, are preserved in the General Assembly Library, where are also the Bills introduced as far back as 1876 and the Bills thrown out to 1870. The statutes of New Zealand have been published regularly from 1841 to the present time, generally in yearly volumes. There has been a great output of these each year, but when laws are consolidated the old volumes tend to be thrown aside and I doubt whether many complete sets would be found in New Zealand outside of Government Departments and law libraries.
The âRulings of the Speaker of the House of Representativesâ were first published for the period 1867 to 1888, and a later edition covered the whole period 1867 to 1911. C C N Barron (Chief Hansard Reporter) and H Otterson (Clerk of the House) edited these productions. âNotes in connection with Procedure in Committee of the Whole in the House of Representativesâ has been brought down to 1906.
Standing Orders of both Houses were originally printed with the Votes and Proceedings. They have since appeared as separate publications, the latest for the House of Representatives being dated 1925, and for the Legislative Council 1921.
A very useful official publication in connection with Parliamentary institutions in New Zealand is the âParliamentary Recordâ, which was first published in 1913 under the direction of the Minister of Internal Affairs, and edited by Mr M Fraser, Government Statistician. This contains a list, as complete as the records available at the time showed, of the members of every Parliament and Provincial Council since 1853, and of the Legislative and Executive Councils before that date. The latest edition brought the matter up to 1925.
Electoral rolls for parliamentary elections have been printed from the âseventiesâ to date.
The estimates were printed as long ago as 1841, and are always presented to Parliament in print. For many years past they have not been classed as parliamentary papers and are not bound with the Appendices. In the General Assembly Library are the estimates for 1845-46, the appropriations from 1869 to 1898, and the estimates from 1889 to date. For the earlier years both estimates and appropriations are to be found in the Gazette or in the statutes.
On the whole, the published records of the New Zealand Parliament are very complete, and the scientific researcher or the student of New Zealand history must by looking for something very obscure if he cannot find it somewhere in the hundreds of volumes that I have enumerated. That there is no much trouble in arriving at obscure facts from these sources is due to the need I have mentioned for a comprehensive and full index. I cannot think of any more useful service that could be rendered now to the cause of history in New Zealand than the compilation of a complete dictionary index to the official publications I have mentioned. I hope that the University of New Zealand will see its way to approve of this as thesis or scholarship work or offer some other sort of encouragement.
Records of Government Departments.
The original correspondence and records of the Departments of State usually form the bulk of the contents of the archives of a country, and practically every country in the world has undertaken the organization of its archives. In New Zealand these files extend right back to the beginning of the colony, revealing the history of the operations of the Government from beginning to end. They are, in fact, the raw material of the history of New Zealand. It is generally understood that the records of Departments in New Zealand have suffered much loss from fire, water and the inexorable need of finding space in overcrowded offices for the rapidly expanding business of the State. How serious these losses have been it is much too early to say. Up to the present I have been surprised to find how much has been saved, thanks to the enthusiasm of departmental officers. There is an old legend that practically everything of value up to the early âsixtiesâ went to the bottom of the sea when the âWhite Swanâ was wrecked off the East Coast in 1862. As a matter of fact, the loss then, as recorded in a return to Parliament in 1865, was not very serious. The most important was the letter-books of the Colonial Secretary under different heads, but as they only went back a few years from the date of the wreck this was not disastrous. The Colonial Secretaryâs Office was then the pivot Department of the Government, and it is comforting to know that the inward correspondence for the whole period 1840 to 1865 is preserved and bound in 270 volumes. The outward letters are also in existence, with the exception of those that were lost with the âWhite Scanâ. It is very creditable to the Internal Affairs department that these records have been preserved for so many years against the inevitable perils of records in a young colony; and there is no reason to suppose that the other Departments which date far back in out history have not done equally well.
Statistics.
Amongst non-parliamentary publications mention should be made of the various statistical documents. Blue-books were prepared in manuscript in accordance with the requirements of the Colonial Office for the years 1841 to 1855. These are preserved in the Government Statisticianâs Office, the New Zealand Archives, and the General Assembly Library. The statistics of New Munster, 1841-48, compiled by Alfred Domett, were published by the Legislative Council of that province in 1849, the statistics of Nelson, 1843-54, by the Nelson Provincial Council in 1855, and those of âNew Plymouthâ, 1853-54, by the Taranaki Provincial Council.
Blue-books containing the statistics of New Zealand for 1853, 1854, 1855 and 2856 were published by the Registrar-General in 1858. There-after the same officer issued them annually, the Division of Census and Statistics taking over the work in 1921. From 1889 to 1920 there was no accompanying letterpress, but in 1921 the annual statistics were published in nine annual sheets, each covering a definite branch and including explanatory letterpress.
Census statistics were published after each census from 1858 with the annual statistics until 1871, when they became a separate publication. From 1891 to 1911 the report on the census was published separately. The reports on census and statistics, which were first published separately in 1889 and 1890, give place in 1891 to a report on the census of that year. In 1892 it appeared under the title of the âNew Zealand Official Handbookâ, and after 1893 as the âNew Zealand Year-bookâ. This was modelled on Vogelâs Official Handbook of 1875 (published in Great Britain in 1875), and revised in 1884 by William Gisborne. It is a most comprehensive and valuable annual. The Monthly Abstract of Statistics has been published since October, 1914, and the Pocket Compendium since 1927. The municipal Handbook first appeared in 1903; it has since been remodelled (1926) as the Local Authorities Handbook.
Provincial Government Records.
Another important class of the official records of New Zealand includes the papers of the Provincial Governments which existed from 1853 to 1876. This is a field which I am surprised has received so little attention from New Zealand historians and students, as a great deal of the literature on the subject is more or less readily available even in other large centres than Wellington. Not only is the provincial period one of intense interest as illustrating the gradual development of New Zealand from a group of isolated communities with divergent ideas into a unified nation, but practically every statesman of standing in the history of New Zealand, at least up to 1890, commenced his political career in the Provincial Councils. The papers left by the Provincial Governments passed into the custody of the General Government on the abolition of the provinces in 1876, but there was sufficient published in each of the provinces to furnish the historian with practically everything he needs for ordinary purposes. Each province published its own Gazette each year of its existence, and there are 200 volumes of Gazette altogether. Then there are about 200 volumes also of Votes and Proceedings. With the exception of Taranaki and Marlborough, each of the province published the Proceedings of every session of the Council. Most of them published their Ordinances separately, but others merely appended them to the Proceedings of printed them in the Gazette. These 400 volumes published by the provinces in the period 1853 to 1876 contain much of the intimate social and economic history of that very interesting period. In the General Assembly Library at Wellington the whole body of provincial literature is practically complete, while the Alexander Turnbull Library at Wellington, the Hocken Library (Dunedin), and other public libraries throughout the Dominion have more or less satisfactory collections, chiefly confined to the publications of their own provinces. Students devoting themselves to this period should be careful always to consult the Gazette of the general Government as well as those of the provinces, for there seems to have been no very strict rule as to the vehicle to be used for official publication. Occasionally a provincial Gazette did not even publish the list of members elected to the Council of the province.
The preservation and arrangement of the manuscript records of the provinces is at present engaging the attention of the Archive Division.
New Zealand Company.
The papers of the New Zealand Company must always be an important factor in writing the history of the colony, and I am glad to say that they appear to have been very carefully preserved. When the company stopped colonizing, in 1850, as a prelude to its dissolution, steps were gradually taken for the concentration in Great Britain of all the records of the New Zealand settlements, five in number. The Company dissolved in 1858, when all its books and papers were surrendered to the British Government in first-class condition. Not only were the minute-books of the directors and various committees preserved, but even the draft minutes and amass of other draft material showing the activity of various directors and officials in the correspondence and policy of the Company. Even the spent cheques and the petty-cash vouchers for the whole period were preserved, so that it is possible to-day to trace the 2½d. per day allowed for snuff to the Companyâs messenger, and each cab-fare paid between Adam Street and Downing Street in the anxious days of the Companyâs decline.
The system of keeping accounts and records is a tribute to the memory of Thomas Cudbert Harington, who was for the grater part of the time, secretary to the Company.
When the Company dissolved, its records duly found their way into the cellars of the Public Record Office in London, where I was privileged to have access to them twenty years ago for research purposes. They were, however, not organized as archives, and it was difficult then to use for historical purposes this rich store of authoritative material. I regret to say that the first student to make use of the New Zealand Companyâs papers as archives was not a New Zealander, but a Dutch Rhodes Scholar from South Africa, Dr J S Marais. About thirty years ago the late Dr Hocken made an examination of the papers, and some years later a considerable quantity of them was sent to New Zealand as a gift to the Dominion. With the exception of some attention paid to them by the late Dr Allan Thomson, Director of the Dominion Museum, they have remained unorganized until the appointment of an Archivist about three years ago. I naturally made it one of my first objects on taking up that position to overhaul and sort this mass of papers. It includes, I regret to say, very little of what archivists regard as first-class matter, such as original despatches and inward letters. The great bulk of it is duplicates, copies, and drafts. Nevertheless, in default of possessing the originals, these documents have considerable historical value, and I believe that advanced students in the future will be able to do valuable work on this foundation. About 150 volumes have already been bound or are in process of binding.
Meanwhile the Public record Office in London has completed the organization of the main deposit of these records, and the Keeper of the Rolls has courteously furnished me with a copy of the list, which will be published this year in England. It shows that the British Government has retained the original records practically complete, and they are bound in more than 300 volumes. By an oversight, apparently, they parted with the last volume of the Companyâs minute-book, which has been reposing in the General Assembly Library for some years past.
Historical Records.
I have often been asked when the next volume of the âHistorical Records of New Zealandâ will be published. That is a question it would be rash to try to answer. It would be ridiculous to commence publishing State documents until some progress has been made in assembling then to ascertain whether the different series are complete, or nearly so. To publish fresh volumes while the archives are in their present elementary state would be to court censure, because other documents would certainly be discovered later which should have appeared in their proper place. The âHistorical Records of Australiaâ, which have been in hand for twenty years, now amount to over thirty published volumes. Series I (of twenty-six volumes) contains the Governorâs despatches down to the year 1848. Series III (which began in 1921) contains papers relating to the settlement of the various States; it now amounts to six volumes. Series IV (legal papers) has just commenced. Two volumes of âNew Zealand Historical Recordsâ were published by the late Dr McNab. Volume I, which appeared in 1908, comprises almost exclusively those documents from the records of New South Wales which concern New Zealand. Those down to the year 1811 were extracted from the published records of New South Wales; those subsequent to that date were taken from the manuscript archives in Sydney. Volume 2, which appeared in 1914, contains documents with few exceptions, relating to the period up to the Treaty of Waitangi. Dr McNab pointed out that his two volumes were not exhaustive as to period, and he left amongst his papers material which would have filled in many gaps. It would be a poor compliment to him to go ahead with this important national work until the material is in such a state of organization that there is a reasonable possibility of treating one period at a time completely.
2. Class B - Non-official Records.
Coming now to the non-official records of New Zealand, a very important class of these is the records of local governing bodies in the shape of minute-books, rate-books, correspondence, etc, of Municipalities, Counties, Water, Road, River, Highway, Education, Harbour, and Power Boards, and so on. It is presumed that all of these remain in possession of the local bodies concerned, and that they have suffered the usual toll of fire, the great bane of the public records in young countries. What condition they are in is a matter for the local bodies themselves.
The second class of non-official records, constituting the chief source of local history in New Zealand, is the newspapers. The importance of this source it is scarcely possible to exaggerate. I cannot imagine any student or historian setting out to write the history of New Zealand without constant reference to the newspapers of the period with which he is dealing. He could not possibly otherwise get a proper idea of his subject. I am only too well aware of the frailties of the best-conducted and best-intentioned newspapers to suggest that any historian should make use of them without careful discrimination. No country in the world has had a better press than that of New Zealand, but if we look at the tone of portion of the New Zealand press in, say, the âfiftiesâ or the âsixtiesâ we will find an extreme partisanship, sometimes coupled with a bitterness and scurrility which must warn the historian to weigh very carefully what such papers say before making use of it. The trouble was that with many of them their only reason for existence was to support a political party. Their proprietors were hopelessly mixed up in politics, and again and again the opposing candidates for the Superintendency were the proprietors or the editors of the opposition papers. Their controversies were so bitter that it would be unwise to interpret any of their statements on contemporary politics without due allowance for these human weaknesses. Saunders, in his interesting history of New Zealand, shows how settlement after settlement struggled to get a second newspaper because the existing one would not treat its opponents fairly. Still, bad as the papers were from this point of view, their very badness was a sign of the times in which they existed, and almost any newspaper you can pick up contains matter of the historian which cannot be obtained elsewhere.
I appreciate so strongly the historical value of newspapers that I have been in touch with the Municipal Association and the Newspaper Proprietorsâ Association with a view to inducing them to co-operate in preserving files of their local papers. It occasionally happens that a newspaper office is burned down and loses the whole of its back files. It is very rarely that anybody else has preserved a file, and the result is the irretrievable loss of the whole of the local history of the place. This has happened three times in the last two or three years. As country newspapers, in any case, tend to amalgamate or to die out, the loss becomes even more serious. I hope that before long newspapers and local bodies will co-operate in the preservation of complete files apart from the one that is usually kept in the newspaper office. It would be the most effective and the cheapest means of pr4eserving the local history of a district.
The other class of non-official records includes those of churches, missionary societies, agricultural association, trades-unions, friendly societies, and so on. They are private property, but it is not too much to hope that as time goes by money of them may become available. This has already happened to some extent with regard to the historical records of churches and missionary societies, and there must be much more suitable for publications
3. Class 3 - Private Records.
The purely private historical sources are private diaries and letters referring to the early days, or even to the present time. There is great historical value in any fairly written and reasonable intelligent diary, and those which record the âsmall beerâ of life â the things that do not usually get into the newspapers or other official records â are liable to be the most valuable. But a dairy to have any value must be genuine â that is to say, it must be written at the time about contemporary events. We see occasionally important journals published as contemporary records of events which a little study readily reveals to have been written long years afterwards and to have no real value at all. Some years ago, when the Akaroa incident was being discussed, a Canterbury resident put forward what purported to be the diary of C B Robinson, the Magistrate, written at the time of the French incident at Akaroa. An obvious disparity in dates at once exposed the fact that it was not a diary at all. The first part of it had been composed from memory â in all good faith, no doubt â years after the event, and was not even supported by the original of the Magistrateâs instructions. It was only necessary to compare it with the humble logs of HMS âBritomartâ in the Public Record Office in London to see that it was historically worthless, for there could be no suggestion that a captain and a master in the Royal Navy, recording independently every event of their workaday life, would be in collusion to âcookâ their record. They had no idea that they were making history.
One more, with regard to the memories and reminiscences of the old pioneers I am afraid that we must realize their limitations as historical sources. To my mind the period for which these recollections, if they were reliable, are most valuable is the first twenty or twenty-five years after the foundation of the colony â say, from 1840 to 1865 â because in those truly pioneering days the press itself was only in its infancy and the settlements were so small that the newspapers took it for granted that everybody knew the local news of the place. It is the commonplace facts of life that we so much require to enable us to reconstruct the picture of the past. Real reminiscences of those days were of value in their time, but we must recognize that the pioneering period I have referred to ended about sixty years ago and there are in fact no survivors to-day with reliable memories. There cannot be.
To illustrate what I mean, the provincial period in New Zealand extended from 1853 to 1876. During that time there were ten provinces, and 1,031 of the leading men of New Zealand passed through those Provincial Councils as members. The provinces were abolished in 1876.
Today I believe there are only four survivors out of that large body of 1,031 Councillors. They were members of the Otago Provincial Council â Sir Robert Stout, Sir John Roberts (Dunedin), Sir James Mills (London) and Mr de Lautout (Gisborne). Mr G B Davy, the sole survivor of the Auckland Provincial Council, died in 1929. We all know the remarkably virile and retentive memory of Sir Robert Stout, and I can say the same of Mr de Lautour. But there are only four survivors of a period that ended in 1876. How vain it must be, therefore, to hope to find in New Zealand men or women who remember with accuracy the events of a period which ended twelve years before that. I do not altogether decry recollections as useless, but I do say that we must not aspire to stretch them too far back, and we must always be prepared in getting recollections from old people of whatever period, to assist their memories with dates and facts which are established. I hope that as years go by many more journals and diaries and letters of old New Zealanders will be published. During the last year have appeared the Bidwill papers, the diary of the Rev. T S Grace, and portion of the diary of the Rev. J G Butler. Other documents of like character may come from the most unexpected quarters. A long as they are contemporary records, then, with all their imperfections, they will be valuable historical material, and will be welcome in such libraries as the Alexander Turnbull, the Hocken and the Auckland Public. The Archives Division is always ready to accept on deposit any documents which throw light upon the history of New Zealand, or fill in the gaps of the historical records.
1. Location: General Assembly Library, Parliament Buildings, WellingtonÂ
2. Establishment: Annual report of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1927 (AJHR, H.22, 1927) records the establishment of "a Dominion Archive or Records Centre".
3. Disestablishment: Annual report of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1955 (AJHR, H.22, 1955) Agency "... now known as Archives New Zealand, replacing the old title of Dominion Archives..." (p.34).
4. Responsible Minister: Minister of Internal Affairs 1926-1954
5. Records relating to National Archives can be found in Record Group series IA1 and also IA68 (National Archives Registered Files). The files from IA68 were put into the GAIMS finding aid system in 1985 and can now be found under ARCH series 451.
A Guide to the Dominion Archives (Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1953) Annual Report of the Department of Internal Affairs 1927-1954 (AJHR, H.22) Annual Report of the General Assembly Library 1932-1947 (AJHR, H.32) National Archives of New Zealand: guide to functions and services (National Archives, Wellington, 1983).
Internal reference notes at Archives New Zealand.
- đ˘ Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office (1926 ‑ )
- đ˘ National Archives of New Zealand, Head Office (1954 ‑ )
- đź Archives management (1926 ‑ )
- đ Internal Affairs (1907 ‑ )
- đ Visitors Books/Registers of Readers (1950 ‑ 1954)
- đ˘ Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office (1926 ‑ 1954)
- đ Realm of New Zealand (1947 ‑ 1954)
- đ Dominion of New Zealand (1926 ‑ 1947)
Searching within Agency Dominion Archives of New Zealand (1 Related Series)
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National Archives of New Zealand, Head Office > Visitors Books/Registers of Readers
ID | Name | Date | Held At |
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1950 ‑ 1976 | Wellington |
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1983 ‑ 1987 | Wellington |
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1990 ‑ 1991 | Wellington |
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1988 ‑ 1991 | Wellington |
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1991 ‑ 1994 | Wellington |
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1994 ‑ 1995 | Wellington |
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1998 ‑ 2000 | Wellington |
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1977 ‑ 1978 | Wellington |
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1950 ‑ 1976 | Wellington |
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1978 ‑ 1983 | Wellington |
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1977 ‑ 1978 | Wellington |
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1988 ‑ 1991 | Wellington |
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1978 ‑ 1983 | Wellington |
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1990 ‑ 1991 | Wellington |
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1996 ‑ 1998 | Wellington |
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1995 ‑ 1996 | Wellington |
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1991 ‑ 1994 | Wellington |
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1994 ‑ 1995 | Wellington |
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1983 ‑ 1987 | Wellington |
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This Agency is responsible for:
ID | Name | Browse | Date | Held At |
🌀 CH209 | CH209CH209 - Minutes of the Central Board of Health for the Province of CanterburyⓘRaw data from Axiell backendArray ( [uri] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims/entry/b9493db6552a3877e21bae3988e7f3a5 [resource] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims/resource/CH209 [context] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims [rdfType] => Array ( [0] => https://www.ica.org/standards/RiC/ontology#RecordSet ) [created] => 2022-01-21T14:44:47.359+00:00 [modified] => 2025-03-28T09:17:26.743+00:00 [graphType] => None [entryType] => Link [resourceType] => InformationResource [creator] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/_principals/resource/_admin [contributors] => Array ( [0] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/_principals/resource/_admin ) [public] => [metadata.predicate.uri.c74e2b73] => Array ( [0] => https://www.ica.org/standards/RiC/ontology#RecordSet [1] => https://www.ica.org/standards/RiC/ontology#ManagementRelation [2] => https://www.ica.org/standards/RiC/ontology#Date [3] => https://www.ica.org/standards/RiC/ontology#Identifier [4] => https://www.ica.org/standards/RiC/ontology#Place ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.b0411a89] => Array ( [0] => aims ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.26813aa4] => Array ( [0] => CH209 [1] => Canterbury Provincial Government Office, Christchurch [2] => National Archives of New Zealand, Head Office [3] => Dominion Archives of New Zealand [4] => 321 [5] => Christchurch repository ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.14ab51dd] => Array ( [0] => ITEM ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.0ab1078a] => Array ( [0] => CH209 ) [all] => Array ( [0] => CH209 [1] => CH209 [2] => Minutes of the Central Board of Health for the Province of Canterbury ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.3d16a239] => Array ( [0] => accession:321 ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.47c35c78] => Array ( [0] => 1873-01-01T00:00:00.0Z ) [metadata.predicate.date.47c35c78] => 1873-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00 [metadata.predicate.literal_s.8ad9da94] => Array ( [0] => exact [1] => yearOnly ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.2dd71a9e] => Array ( [0] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z ) [metadata.predicate.date.2dd71a9e] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00 [metadata.predicate.literal_s.6d3924aa] => Array ( [0] => exact [1] => yearOnly ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.28333a61] => Array ( [0] => CH209 ) [text_suggest] => Array ( [0] => CH209 [1] => Minutes of the Central Board of Health for the Province of Canterbury ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.4503f9a5] => Array ( [0] => accession ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.cfc04591] => Array ( [0] => Minutes of the Central Board of Health for the Province of Canterbury ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.9466223c] => Array ( [0] => CH209 ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.f2f21d0d] => Array ( [0] => Open ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.1e640512] => Array ( [0] => Christchurch repository ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.996e15a0] => Array ( [0] => Canterbury Provincial Government Office, Christchurch [1] => National Archives of New Zealand, Head Office [2] => Dominion Archives of New Zealand ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.d9a2a1bd] => Array ( [0] => No restrictions ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.d9b217c0] => Array ( [0] => Open ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.b601346e] => Array ( [0] => Accession [1] => Agency ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.759be269] => Array ( [0] => 1873 ) [metadata.predicate.integer.759be269] => 1873 [metadata.predicate.literal_s.6ad5e288] => Array ( [0] => 1876 ) [metadata.predicate.integer.6ad5e288] => 1876 [metadata.predicate.literal_s.4457f365] => Array ( [0] => Accession ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.e7d8a866] => Array ( [0] => controlled_by [1] => priref ) [metadata.predicate.uri.fae65ac5] => Array ( [0] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims/resource/CBCM [1] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims/resource/ARCH [2] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims/resource/AACU ) [metadata.predicate.uri.e46cdf00] => Array ( [0] => https://common.aims.axiellhosting.com/api/etl-entrystore/latest/aims/resource/CH209 ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.78358662] => Array ( [0] => exact [1] => yearOnly ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.e2003646] => Array ( [0] => ISO8601 ) [metadata.predicate.literal_s.18e6404e] => Array ( [0] => 1853-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [1] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [2] => 1954-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [3] => 2000-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [4] => 1926-01-01T00:00:00.0Z [5] => 1873-01-01T00:00:00.0Z ) [metadata.predicate.date.18e6404e] => 1876-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00 [_version_] => 1827828868989321216 [indexedAt] => 2025-03-28T09:17:27.141+00:00 ) Accession 1873 ‑ 1876 Christchurch repository Minutes of the Central Board of Health for the Province of Canterbury Open |
Browse | 1873 ‑ 1876 | Christchurch |