πŸ’Ό Land surveying and mapping

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Array
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            [description] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Surveying consists essentially of taking measurements of land for the purpose of making a graphic representation for record. New Zealand's survey system provided for the accurate location of features on maps, property boundaries, building construction, property development, utility services (e.g. power, gas) and navigational aids. Responsibility for surveying included maintenance of the geodetic and cadastral survey systems and registration of surveyors.
                )

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            [idSort] => F0037
            [name] => Land surveying and mapping
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                            [name] => Survey Department, Southland
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                            [name] => Department of Survey and Land Information, Dunedin District Office
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                            [itemType] => Agency
                            [relationHasSource] => CAAR
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                            [name] => Land Information New Zealand, Whangarei Branch
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                            [name] => Department of Survey and Land Information, Kaitaia Office
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                            [name] => Land Information New Zealand, Hamilton Regional Office
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            [history] => 

Both Abel Tasman in 1642 and Captain Cook between 1769 and 1772 charted the coasts of New Zealand.  Cook’s chart, supplemented by knowledge of the interior gained from some of the Maori, was the only source of geographical information on New Zealand available before 1840.

Land surveying in the new colony was a forerunner of settlement as private surveyors were recruited by the various colonisation companies to explore, map, design and survey towns and rural allotments.

On 14 August 1840, the Governor was issued with Royal Instructions determining early land and survey administration.  These instructions authorised the survey of the colony, the creation of reserves for public purposes, and the sale of land.

In 1840, a Surveyor-General was appointed by the Governor to recommend suitable town and settlement sites, to lay out roads for access to settlement lands, to define the boundaries of such land, to provide a system of land records, and to establish a land-title registry.

In 1852 the post of Surveyor-General was abolished and control of surveying was devolved to the provincial governments.

Under the Native Lands Act 1867, an Inspector of Surveys was appointed to survey disputed land.

In 1868 the Trigonometrical Stations and Survey Marks Act was passed to provide for the security and protection of survey stations and equipment pertaining to official surveys conducted by the Inspector of Surveys and the provincial Chief Surveyors.

In 1870 the Land Transfer Act provided State Guarantee of Title where the Crown could guarantee title through the accurate definition of title boundaries.  This quickly became problematic due to the demands of rapid settlement and the wide variation in the standards and methods of provincial land-title surveying.  Consequently, Major Palmer of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain was commissioned to write a report on the state of surveys within the colony.  The General Government accepted the following recommendations: that the surveys of New Zealand be placed under the central control and direction of a Surveyor-General; that a system of triangulation be provided to control the accuracy of surveys; and that persons carrying out land-title surveys had to be licensed by the Surveyor-General.

After the abolition of the provinces in 1876, the Chief Surveyor for Otago was appointed Surveyor-General for the colony.  The provincial survey offices were replaced with a Survey Office in each of the 12 land districts defined by the 1877 Land Act.

A Lithographic Branch was established within the Survey Department to prepare and publish Government maps and lithographs.

Under the authority of the 1877 Land Act, the Surveyor-General established a Board of Examiners responsible for the qualification of land surveyors and the review of the qualifications of all surveyors in both public and private practice.  This effectively safeguarded the Crown’s guarantee of the accuracy of land title surveys under the 1870 Land Transfer Act.

In 1900, the New Zealand Institute of Surveyors and Board of Examiners Act formally established the Institute, which had been founded in 1888.  The Act also specified the membership of the Surveyors’ Board of Examiners being the Surveyor-General as chairman and 4 surveyors appointed by the Minister of Lands, 2 of whom were to be on the recommendation of the Institute.  Under the 1938 Surveyors Act, the Board was also responsible for inquiries into charges of misconduct and for disciplinary powers.

Under the 1885 Land Act, all surveys of Crown lands and of Native lands conducted under the direction of the Surveyor-General could be subject to the provisions of Part IV of the Public Works Act 1882, which allowed for the entry onto all lands for the purpose of survey.

In 1891 the Survey Department amalgamated with the Crown Lands Department to form the Department of Lands and Survey, where, until 1906, the Surveyor-General was the permanent head and carried the additional title of Secretary of Lands.

In 1901 the responsibility for the publication of Government maps and lithographs was transferred to the Government Printing Office.

In 1935 the Lands and Survey Department established a national mapping committee who began the 1:63,360 (1 mile to an inch) topographical map series.  By the 1940s, the Department had completed the linking up of the existing local triangulations into one coordinated whole, and had laid down a geodetic triangulation for the effective control of topographical mapping.

After the outbreak of World War Two, priority was given to the production of maps and charts for defence purposes.  A private aerial survey company was contracted by the Army Department to supply aerial photographs of strategic areas as a basis for detailed topographic mapping.  By the end of World War Two 1,500 sq. miles, covering fortress areas and 50,000 sq. miles (half the land area of New Zealand), had been mapped for defence purposes.  In 1947, responsibility for the production of military maps and charts was vested in the Surveyor-General.

Since the 1940s, the automation of cartography through the development of electronics, the advent of artificial satellites and manual spacecraft, and the use of computers, rendered many of the older geodetic and survey methods obsolete.

From 1948 to 1969, the Land Utilisation Division of the Department of Lands and Survey was established to locate, map and assess the potential capacity of undeveloped land throughout New Zealand.

Initiated by LINZ in 1998, the Landonline project converted millions of title records, title instruments, survey plans, parcels and geodetic survey marks into an electronic format.  In 2000 the first processing of automated survey and title transactions took place under the project and in the future, remote digital lodgement of survey plans and routine title dealings is planned.

In 2002 the Survey Board of New Zealand was disestablished and replaced by the Cadastral Surveyors Licensing Board of New Zealand as established by the Cadastral Survey Act 2002.

Legislation:

14 August 1840 Royal Instructions [Great Britain, House of Commons Papers. NZ. Vol 1838-40.  Correspondence with the Secretary of State relative to NZ. 1840, p.37]

1867 Native Lands Act

1868 Trigonometrical Stations and Survey Marks Act

1870 Land Transfer Act

1877 Land Act

1900 New Zealand Institute of Surveyors and Board of Examiners Act

1938 Surveyors Act

1946 New Zealand Geographic Board Act

2002 Cadastral Survey Act

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Function

F0037

1840 ‑ 

Surveying consists essentially of taking measurements of land for the purpose of making a graphic representation for record. New Zealand's survey system provided for the accurate location of features on maps, property boundaries, building construction, property development, utility services (e.g. power, gas) and navigational aids. Responsibility for surveying included maintenance of the geodetic and cadastral survey systems and registration of surveyors.

Show History

Both Abel Tasman in 1642 and Captain Cook between 1769 and 1772 charted the coasts of New Zealand.  Cook’s chart, supplemented by knowledge of the interior gained from some of the Maori, was the only source of geographical information on New Zealand available before 1840.

Land surveying in the new colony was a forerunner of settlement as private surveyors were recruited by the various colonisation companies to explore, map, design and survey towns and rural allotments.

On 14 August 1840, the Governor was issued with Royal Instructions determining early land and survey administration.  These instructions authorised the survey of the colony, the creation of reserves for public purposes, and the sale of land.

In 1840, a Surveyor-General was appointed by the Governor to recommend suitable town and settlement sites, to lay out roads for access to settlement lands, to define the boundaries of such land, to provide a system of land records, and to establish a land-title registry.

In 1852 the post of Surveyor-General was abolished and control of surveying was devolved to the provincial governments.

Under the Native Lands Act 1867, an Inspector of Surveys was appointed to survey disputed land.

In 1868 the Trigonometrical Stations and Survey Marks Act was passed to provide for the security and protection of survey stations and equipment pertaining to official surveys conducted by the Inspector of Surveys and the provincial Chief Surveyors.

In 1870 the Land Transfer Act provided State Guarantee of Title where the Crown could guarantee title through the accurate definition of title boundaries.  This quickly became problematic due to the demands of rapid settlement and the wide variation in the standards and methods of provincial land-title surveying.  Consequently, Major Palmer of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain was commissioned to write a report on the state of surveys within the colony.  The General Government accepted the following recommendations: that the surveys of New Zealand be placed under the central control and direction of a Surveyor-General; that a system of triangulation be provided to control the accuracy of surveys; and that persons carrying out land-title surveys had to be licensed by the Surveyor-General.

After the abolition of the provinces in 1876, the Chief Surveyor for Otago was appointed Surveyor-General for the colony.  The provincial survey offices were replaced with a Survey Office in each of the 12 land districts defined by the 1877 Land Act.

A Lithographic Branch was established within the Survey Department to prepare and publish Government maps and lithographs.

Under the authority of the 1877 Land Act, the Surveyor-General established a Board of Examiners responsible for the qualification of land surveyors and the review of the qualifications of all surveyors in both public and private practice.  This effectively safeguarded the Crown’s guarantee of the accuracy of land title surveys under the 1870 Land Transfer Act.

In 1900, the New Zealand Institute of Surveyors and Board of Examiners Act formally established the Institute, which had been founded in 1888.  The Act also specified the membership of the Surveyors’ Board of Examiners being the Surveyor-General as chairman and 4 surveyors appointed by the Minister of Lands, 2 of whom were to be on the recommendation of the Institute.  Under the 1938 Surveyors Act, the Board was also responsible for inquiries into charges of misconduct and for disciplinary powers.

Under the 1885 Land Act, all surveys of Crown lands and of Native lands conducted under the direction of the Surveyor-General could be subject to the provisions of Part IV of the Public Works Act 1882, which allowed for the entry onto all lands for the purpose of survey.

In 1891 the Survey Department amalgamated with the Crown Lands Department to form the Department of Lands and Survey, where, until 1906, the Surveyor-General was the permanent head and carried the additional title of Secretary of Lands.

In 1901 the responsibility for the publication of Government maps and lithographs was transferred to the Government Printing Office.

In 1935 the Lands and Survey Department established a national mapping committee who began the 1:63,360 (1 mile to an inch) topographical map series.  By the 1940s, the Department had completed the linking up of the existing local triangulations into one coordinated whole, and had laid down a geodetic triangulation for the effective control of topographical mapping.

After the outbreak of World War Two, priority was given to the production of maps and charts for defence purposes.  A private aerial survey company was contracted by the Army Department to supply aerial photographs of strategic areas as a basis for detailed topographic mapping.  By the end of World War Two 1,500 sq. miles, covering fortress areas and 50,000 sq. miles (half the land area of New Zealand), had been mapped for defence purposes.  In 1947, responsibility for the production of military maps and charts was vested in the Surveyor-General.

Since the 1940s, the automation of cartography through the development of electronics, the advent of artificial satellites and manual spacecraft, and the use of computers, rendered many of the older geodetic and survey methods obsolete.

From 1948 to 1969, the Land Utilisation Division of the Department of Lands and Survey was established to locate, map and assess the potential capacity of undeveloped land throughout New Zealand.

Initiated by LINZ in 1998, the Landonline project converted millions of title records, title instruments, survey plans, parcels and geodetic survey marks into an electronic format.  In 2000 the first processing of automated survey and title transactions took place under the project and in the future, remote digital lodgement of survey plans and routine title dealings is planned.

In 2002 the Survey Board of New Zealand was disestablished and replaced by the Cadastral Surveyors Licensing Board of New Zealand as established by the Cadastral Survey Act 2002.

Legislation:

14 August 1840 Royal Instructions [Great Britain, House of Commons Papers. NZ. Vol 1838-40.  Correspondence with the Secretary of State relative to NZ. 1840, p.37]

1867 Native Lands Act

1868 Trigonometrical Stations and Survey Marks Act

1870 Land Transfer Act

1877 Land Act

1900 New Zealand Institute of Surveyors and Board of Examiners Act

1938 Surveyors Act

1946 New Zealand Geographic Board Act

2002 Cadastral Survey Act




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