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                    [0] => The Blacks Warden's Court was responsible for the administration of gold fields in the Carrick, Clutha, Dunstan, Earnscleugh Hawea, Lindis, Kawarau, Manuherikia and Matakanui areas.
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	Archives created by the Blacks Warden's Court were transferred by the Alexandra District Court, Department of Conservation Central Otago Area Office, Otago Regional Council, Clyde Police Station and the Hocken Collections. For the Hocken Collections transfers, some of these transfers were from the Courts themselves to the Hocken Collections, because Hocken was an approved repository for Archives New Zealand. In 1993, the Warden's Court archives at Hocken were transferred to Archives New Zealand Dunedin Regional Office as Accession D98. The remaining Warden's and Magistrate's Courts archives held by Alexandra District Court were transferred directly to Archives New Zealand Dunedin Regional Office.

	From 2009 further arrangement and description work split Accession D98 into the respective creating Warden's Courts. Series were created to group like records performing the same function and/or activity and the chain of custody of successor agencies was documented.
                    [custom2] => 

	

		Otago Provincial Government Gazette, 1853-1876
	

		Otago Provincial Council, Ordinances, 1854-1875
	

		Otago Provincial Council, Votes and Proceedings, 1854-1876
	

		New Zealand Statutes, 1853-1876
	

		Appendices to the Journals of House of Representatives of New Zealand (AJHRs)


	Archives New Zealand Holdings:

	Le 1/1863/102 Proclamations, Rules and Regulations issued under the Gold Fields Act 1862

	Le 1/1866/113 Return of Rules and Regulations issued under the Gold Fields Act 1862 and the Gold Fields Acts Amendment Act 1865

	Le 1/1868/111 "Return of Gold Mining Rules and Regulations 1868

	Secondary Sources:

	J H M Salmon, A History of Goldmining in New Zealand (Wellington, 1963)

	W R Mayhew, Tuapeka: the Land and its People (Dunedin, 1949)

	T J Hearn, The Goldfields of Otago: Old Records, New Views - The Archives of the Wardens' Courts, the Tartan and the Gold: Papers presented at the New Zealand Society of Genealogists Conference, Dunedin, 1989 (Dunedin, 1989), pp 25-57
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                            [name] => Clyde, Blacks, Roxburgh and Alexandra Leases and Licenses Rent Ledgers
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                        (
                            [name] => Blacks Miners' Rights Butt Books
                            [type] => controlling
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                                (
                                    [dateQualifier] => Array
                                        (
                                            [0] => unknown
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                                )

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                        (
                            [name] => Blacks Surrendered Certificates and Licenses
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                        (
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                        (
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                        (
                            [name] => Blacks Mining Privilege files
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                            [name] => Blacks Nominal Index of Registrations
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                            [name] => Clyde, Alexandra, Blacks and Roxburgh Miners Rights Registers
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                                    [dateQualifier] => Array
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            [history] => 

	The Dunstan gold rush began towards the end of 1862, and throughout 1863 prospectors moved further into the mountains and upper reaches of the Manuherikia and other rivers. The Devonshire and Matakanui fields were supplied from Black's Station, which was itself a goldfield and subsequently became the town of Ophir. Further exploration produced new fields (see Salmon, pp 97-98), and in July 1864, 1500 miners began work at St Bathan's on Dunstan Creek. According to Salmon, the Manuherikia rush was as large in terms of population as any in Otago, "but the gold deposits were nowhere as rich as those at Wakatipu or even at Tuapeka" (Salmon, p. 98).

	

	The 1865 report of the Goldfields Department included a reference to the new Upper Manuherikia District of the Dunstan Goldfield.

	

	The Warden's Office was responsible not only for the local management of gold mining and the resolution of disputes, but also the allocation of residence and business sites, water rights, administration of agricultural and pastoral leases, and the hearing of civil and criminal suits within the district. The Warden acted also as Resident Magistrate.

	

	In February 1868 the Gold Fields Commission reported on the Upper Manuherikia District and stated:

	"This District at present embraces the two stations, Blacks and St. Bathans, and has the following staff of Officers: One Warden and two Receivers, acting as Clerks to the Bench, stationed respectively at St. Bathans and Blacks. The Warden, beside his appointment as Resident Magistrate and Warden, holds that of Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages, for the Blackstone District." [Report of the Commission into the Gold Fields of Otago, 1868, Otago Votes and Proceedings, 1868, Council Papers, Session 24, p. 3].

	

	Changes in the distribution of the mining population meant constant revision of staff numbers in the different districts, and indeed of the delineation of the districts themselves. The Commission recommended that the Blacks portion of the District be amalgamated with the Dunstan District, and that the St Bathans portion be amalgamated with the Mount Ida District, with a Receiver appointed to discharge the duties of both stations, with weekly visits from one to the other to coincide with the visits of the respective Wardens from Clyde and Naseby. [ibid]. Sometime between 1868 and 1874 the District was divided: Blacks became part of the Dunstan District and St Bathan's became part of the Mount Ida District of the Taieri and Mount Ida Goldfield.

	In 1872 the Warden's reported to the Under Secretary for the Gold Fields in the Public Works Department. In 1876, the Gold Fields Department was transferred to the Crown Lands Department and from 1878, under the Mines Act 1877, the government took over control of the Wardens' Courts.

	In 1939 the Blacks Warden's Court was closed and the administration for the region was transferred to Alexandra. In 1942 the Magistrate's Court was moved from Blacks (Ophir) to Omakau.  
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