πΌ Meteorological services
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[0] => Meteorological services provided by the state included weather forecasting (gathering, analysing and providing weather information to the public), atmospheric observations, and research into the science of meteorology (promotion and advancement). These services were particularly important for the maritime and aviation transport sectors.
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[history] => Early meteorological services
Organised official systematic meteorological observations began in August 1861. The Colonial Secretary, William Fox, instructed the superintendents of the various provincial governments in the Colony to establish observatories to house meteorological equipment being supplied by the Imperial Colonial Office. Each province was required to appoint someone to record instrumental readings twice a day, note details of the weather and forward results at intervals to the central government (via the Colonial Secretary’s Office). The summarised observational information allowed the Meteorological Statistics of New Zealand to be published from time to time.1
Dr Charles Knight, Auditor-General at the time, was appointed to control the scheme and eventually held the position of Director of Meteorological Stations.2 By 1869, the local weather was recorded at 9am each day using a standardised format at 26 telegraph offices throughout New Zealand, and a weather report was sent to all telegraph offices and ports after the results had been correlated in Wellington.
The first organisation created for studying the weather in New Zealand was the Meteorology Department, established in 1867, under control of the Colonial Secretary's Office. It was responsible for creating weather reports, to be transmitted throughout the country by telegraph. In 1874 this was joined by a new service, the Weather Reporting and Storm Signalling Department, which was administered by the Customs Department, and provided storm warnings for shipping. These two separate departments were merged in 1881, to form a single Meteorological Department.
Meteorology from 1891
The amalgamation of the two departments into one Meteorological Department did not last for long, however, as the priorities and functions of the two separate departments did not easily merge; so in 1891 it was decided that the Meteorological Department should be split back into two parts, with a new Weather Reporting Department being created, under the control of the Marine Department, and a Meteorological Unit within the Colonial Secretary's Office.
In the following years, however, the recording of meteorological records began to fall behind, due to a lack of resources, and so the Meteorological Unit began to suffer from a shortage of staff. Therefore on 1 December 1906 the two units were again merged; the Marine Department was given control over a newly created Meteorological Department, which was formed from what remained of the Meteorological Unit of the Colonial Secretary's Office, and from the Marine Department's own Weather Reporting Department. The function of this new Meteorological Department was to prepare daily forecasts, check and process climatological records, and maintain the mainly volunteer reporting stations throughout New Zealand.
New Zealand Meteorological Service
The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) was established following the Scientific and Industrial Research Act 1926. Control of meteorology was passed from the Marine Department to the DSIR, and what was previously known as the Meteorological Department now became the Meteorological Service.
The functions of the Meteorological Service were broadly similar to those of its predecessor, except for an expansion in scope caused by one important factor - the arrival of aviation. During the 1920s and 1930s the growing popularity of this new mode of transport caused a rapid increase in demand for greater accuracy and service coverage of weather forecasting. This demand increased even more rapidly during the Second World War, when New Zealand became responsible for aviation weather forecasting in the South West Pacific. The main base for collecting meteorological information for the South West Pacific was Raoul Island, which is the largest of New Zealand's Kermadec Islands, and lies approximately 1000km northeast of Auckland.
In 1936 the Organisation for National Security set up a Meteorological Committee, and on 7 June 1939 the Committee recommended that the Meteorological Service be transferred to the Air Department. This action was approved by the Council of Defence on 26 August 1939. The service retained its previous functions, with the directorate in Wellington co-ordinating the weather reporting stations throughout New Zealand and the Pacific.
By the time the Second World War had finished the Meteorological Service was the sole provider of meteorological services to the armed services, civil aviation, government departments, local bodies, and the general public within New Zealand, and indeed throughout the Southwest Pacific region.The association between the Meteorological Service and the Air Department was officially recognised by Cabinet Directive in 1947.
The 1964 Civil Aviation Act established the Civil Aviation Department, and assigned to it responsibility for the Meteorological Service. A formal definition of the service's functions was defined, as follows:
- to provide a meteorological service for the benefit of all sections of the community;
- to promote the advancement of the science of meteorology; and
- to advise the Minister and government departments on all matters relating to meteorology.
In 1968 the Ministry of Transport Act established a new Ministry of Transport, which incorporated the Department of Civil Aviation. The functions of the Meteorological Service remained largely unchanged despite this transition, and they continued so throughout the 1970s and 1980s, although as time went on greater emphasis was placed on research, recording and archiving meteorological information, and on making that information available to the public.
Restructuring of meteorological services
A major restructuring of meteorological services occurred in July 1992, when the government split the responsibilities of the former New Zealand Meteorological Service into two new entities - the Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService), a state-owned enterprise, and the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), a Crown research institute. The MetService continued to gather, analyse and provided weather information for the public of New Zealand as well as a wide range of domestic and foreign commercial customers, while NIWA took over the meteorological research component.
The split had arisen out of changes in the 1980s when there was increasing pressure on government funding for meteorology in New Zealand, together with a government-wide move to "user-pays" for specialised services, and to more autonomy and accountability for government departments. A combination of commercial competition in the deregulated market for meteorological services, and reform of publicly funded science, also led to the separation of these responsibilities.
- p.1, Sails to Satellites, de Lisle.
- ibid.
Show History
Early meteorological services
Organised official systematic meteorological observations began in August 1861. The Colonial Secretary, William Fox, instructed the superintendents of the various provincial governments in the Colony to establish observatories to house meteorological equipment being supplied by the Imperial Colonial Office. Each province was required to appoint someone to record instrumental readings twice a day, note details of the weather and forward results at intervals to the central government (via the Colonial Secretary’s Office). The summarised observational information allowed the Meteorological Statistics of New Zealand to be published from time to time.1
Dr Charles Knight, Auditor-General at the time, was appointed to control the scheme and eventually held the position of Director of Meteorological Stations.2 By 1869, the local weather was recorded at 9am each day using a standardised format at 26 telegraph offices throughout New Zealand, and a weather report was sent to all telegraph offices and ports after the results had been correlated in Wellington.
The first organisation created for studying the weather in New Zealand was the Meteorology Department, established in 1867, under control of the Colonial Secretary's Office. It was responsible for creating weather reports, to be transmitted throughout the country by telegraph. In 1874 this was joined by a new service, the Weather Reporting and Storm Signalling Department, which was administered by the Customs Department, and provided storm warnings for shipping. These two separate departments were merged in 1881, to form a single Meteorological Department.
Meteorology from 1891
The amalgamation of the two departments into one Meteorological Department did not last for long, however, as the priorities and functions of the two separate departments did not easily merge; so in 1891 it was decided that the Meteorological Department should be split back into two parts, with a new Weather Reporting Department being created, under the control of the Marine Department, and a Meteorological Unit within the Colonial Secretary's Office.
In the following years, however, the recording of meteorological records began to fall behind, due to a lack of resources, and so the Meteorological Unit began to suffer from a shortage of staff. Therefore on 1 December 1906 the two units were again merged; the Marine Department was given control over a newly created Meteorological Department, which was formed from what remained of the Meteorological Unit of the Colonial Secretary's Office, and from the Marine Department's own Weather Reporting Department. The function of this new Meteorological Department was to prepare daily forecasts, check and process climatological records, and maintain the mainly volunteer reporting stations throughout New Zealand.
New Zealand Meteorological Service
The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) was established following the Scientific and Industrial Research Act 1926. Control of meteorology was passed from the Marine Department to the DSIR, and what was previously known as the Meteorological Department now became the Meteorological Service.
The functions of the Meteorological Service were broadly similar to those of its predecessor, except for an expansion in scope caused by one important factor - the arrival of aviation. During the 1920s and 1930s the growing popularity of this new mode of transport caused a rapid increase in demand for greater accuracy and service coverage of weather forecasting. This demand increased even more rapidly during the Second World War, when New Zealand became responsible for aviation weather forecasting in the South West Pacific. The main base for collecting meteorological information for the South West Pacific was Raoul Island, which is the largest of New Zealand's Kermadec Islands, and lies approximately 1000km northeast of Auckland.
In 1936 the Organisation for National Security set up a Meteorological Committee, and on 7 June 1939 the Committee recommended that the Meteorological Service be transferred to the Air Department. This action was approved by the Council of Defence on 26 August 1939. The service retained its previous functions, with the directorate in Wellington co-ordinating the weather reporting stations throughout New Zealand and the Pacific.
By the time the Second World War had finished the Meteorological Service was the sole provider of meteorological services to the armed services, civil aviation, government departments, local bodies, and the general public within New Zealand, and indeed throughout the Southwest Pacific region.The association between the Meteorological Service and the Air Department was officially recognised by Cabinet Directive in 1947.
The 1964 Civil Aviation Act established the Civil Aviation Department, and assigned to it responsibility for the Meteorological Service. A formal definition of the service's functions was defined, as follows:
- to provide a meteorological service for the benefit of all sections of the community;
- to promote the advancement of the science of meteorology; and
- to advise the Minister and government departments on all matters relating to meteorology.
In 1968 the Ministry of Transport Act established a new Ministry of Transport, which incorporated the Department of Civil Aviation. The functions of the Meteorological Service remained largely unchanged despite this transition, and they continued so throughout the 1970s and 1980s, although as time went on greater emphasis was placed on research, recording and archiving meteorological information, and on making that information available to the public.
Restructuring of meteorological services
A major restructuring of meteorological services occurred in July 1992, when the government split the responsibilities of the former New Zealand Meteorological Service into two new entities - the Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService), a state-owned enterprise, and the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), a Crown research institute. The MetService continued to gather, analyse and provided weather information for the public of New Zealand as well as a wide range of domestic and foreign commercial customers, while NIWA took over the meteorological research component.
The split had arisen out of changes in the 1980s when there was increasing pressure on government funding for meteorology in New Zealand, together with a government-wide move to "user-pays" for specialised services, and to more autonomy and accountability for government departments. A combination of commercial competition in the deregulated market for meteorological services, and reform of publicly funded science, also led to the separation of these responsibilities.
- p.1, Sails to Satellites, de Lisle.
- ibid.
- π’ Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (1992 ‑ )
- π’ Ministry of Transport, Civil Aviation Division (1968 ‑ 1992)
- π’ New Zealand Meteorological Service (1906 ‑ 1992)
- π’ Weather Reporting Department (1891 ‑ 1906)
- π’ Meteorological Department (1891 ‑ 1906)
- π’ Civil Aviation Department, Head Office (1964 ‑ 1968)
- π’ Air Department, Head Office (1939 ‑ 1964)
- π’ Meteorological Department (1881 ‑ 1891)
- π’ Marine Department, Head Office (1871 ‑ 1926)
- π’ Weather Reporting and Storm Signalling Department (1874 ‑ 1881)
- π’ Ministry of Transport, Head Office (1968 ‑ 1992)
- π’ Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Head Office (1926 ‑ 1939)
- π’ Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office (1861 ‑ 1871)
Show 9 items
- π Science (1963 ‑ 1975)
- π Scientific and Industrial Research (1926 ‑ 1963)
- π Colonial Secretary (1861 ‑ 1871)
- π Civil Aviation and Meteorological Services (1973 ‑ 1990)
- π Defence (1939 ‑ 1944)
- π Customs(1) (1871 ‑ 1882)
- π Transport (1990 ‑ 1992)
- π Marine (1) (1882 ‑ 1906)