πΌ Forestry management
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Early New Zealand forestry management was based on timber licensing and timber reserves as timber was an important commodity in the colony and the need for regulation quickly became apparent. Although licences to fell, remove and sell timber from Crown wastelands [1] were issued from the mid 1840s by the Governor under the 1842 Australian Land Sales Act (UK), it was not until 1848 that a clear statement of these regulations appeared in the New Ulster New Zealand Gazette[2]. Timber licences were coupled with ‘depasturing’ licences for grazing rights, and were issued by the Commissioner of Crown Lands who reported to the Colonial Secretary until 1858, then to the Secretary of Crown Lands. These regulations were formalised under the Crown Lands Ordinance 1849.
An 1858 Canterbury Provincial ordinance appears to have been the first legislation aimed at encouraging afforestation or tree planting, and was the basis for the 1871 Forest Trees Planting Encouragement Act. The Act offered an incentive in the form of a grant of two acres of Crown land for every acre planted, which was replaced in 1872 by a land order giving tree planters preferential purchase rights over Crown Lands that were open to selection. Unfortunately the Act was not a huge success due in part to confused administration in the post provincial period and was repealed by the State Forests Act, 1885.
In 1874, the New Zealand Forests Act provided for forest management on a national scale through the regulation of native timber sales, the voluntary setting aside of State forests, the appointment of the Minister of Lands as the Commissioner of State Forests, and the establishment of a Forestry Department. Unfortunately, due in part to the conflict between land settlement and forest management and lack of finances, the fledgling Forestry Department was disestablished in 1877.
The Land Act 1877 empowered the Governor to declare any forests belonging to the Crown as reserves under the Act, and to appoint Conservators and Rangers of Forests and Crown Lands. Consequently, in 1879 the first reserves for ‘The Growth and Preservation of Timber’ were gazetted under the Act, and by 1881, over ½ million acres of forest were gazetted as climatic reserves.
In 1885, the New Zealand State Forests Act established the State Forests Department and dispensed with the existing annual timber licensing system in favour of a royalty system based on sawn output. A Chief Conservator of Forests was appointed to manage the forests, conduct exotic (i.e. non-native) planting programmes and to advise farmers. Two years later, however, this position and the State Forests Department were abolished.
By the end of the nineteenth century, administrative responsibility for Crown forests had become complex since they could be reserved under the both the Land Act, which was administered by the Minister of Lands via local Commissioners of Crown Lands, and the New Zealand State Forest Act, which were dealt with by the Commissioners and Conservators of State Forests, who in the absence of a Forests Department, were also the Commissioners of Crown Lands.
Continued pressure on lands for agriculture and settlement in the 1890s, led to increased bush clearances and revocation of State forest lands under the 1888 amendment to the 1885 State Forests Act. Mounting concern about the future of the New Zealand timber industry was expressed at a national Timber Conference in 1896, and the Government responded by creating a Forestry Branch of the Crown Lands Department in 1897 and state plantation forests were established with the resumption of exotic forest tree planting.
In 1909, the Royal Commission on Timber and Timber-building Industries focused attention of the conservation of native timbers when it reported that indigenous forests would only last 40 years. Four years later, the Royal Commission on Forestry was established to determine which existing indigenous forest lands should be retained for soil protection, water conservation and scenic purposes, and to examine potential timber demand and the extent that the State plantations should be supplemented and expanded. One of the main recommendations of the Commission was the separation of the Office of the Commissioner of State Forests from the Office of the Minister of Lands, and the establishment of a separate forest authority. In 1918 Sir Francis Bell was appointed the first Commissioner of Forests and in 1920, a new department, the State Forest Service was established, with responsibility for forests, timber sales, afforestation, fire control and research and development.
A new act followed, the Forests Act 1921-22, which stated that Crown land could be set aside as ‘permanent’ or ‘provisional’ State forest, that State forest planning could only be revoked by resolution of Parliament. Apart from forming State forests and regulating timber sales, the new department proceeded to expand the programme of afforestation.
In 1987 the conflict between conservation and wood production in public forests resulted in the Government’s decision to split New Zealand’s national forestry estate into two parts – one to be managed for conservation purposes and the other for wood production. This restructure of the forest sector led to the creation of the Ministry of Forestry (responsible for policy, forest health and protection and forestry research functions), a new department, the Department of Conservation (responsible for management of the indigenous forest estate), and a state owned enterprise, New Zealand Forestry Corporation Limited (established to manage the Crown’s interest in commercial forestry).
The New Zealand Forestry Corporation did not own the assets it managed and operated under a Deed of Licence with the share-holding Ministers. This was an interim arrangement pending the sale of the Crown's commercial forestry assets to the Corporation. However, the Treasury and the corporation had some difficulty agreeing on a valuation, and in 1988 the government announced its intention to sell the State's commercial forestry assets on the open market.
The sale of management and cutting rights took place under the Crown Forests Assets Act 1989, which provided for the sale of Crown Forestry Licences. These licences allowed purchasers to buy trees, buildings and other fixed assets while the land remained in Crown ownership pending the resolution of Treaty of Waitangi claims. The licences also registered and protected waahi tapu and archaeological sites, conservation covenants and public access easements over the forest. The Crown Forestry Rental Trust was created to receive and invest these licence fees for successful claimants, and to make the interest earned from these investments available to assist Maori in the preparation, presentation and negotiation of claims to the Waitangi Tribunal.
Part IIIA of the Forests Act 1949 was introduced in 1993 to protect sustainable management of privately owned indigenous forests.
Although many early plantation forests were developed by the state, ownership moved increasingly to the private sector in the latter half of the twentieth century - 1990 with the sale of cutting rights licences to 247,00 hectares, 1991 with a further 97,00 hectares, and 1996 when the Government sold it’s shares in the Forestry Corporation which owned licences to a further 188,00 hectares.
In 2004, forests covered about 30% or 8 million hectares of New Zealand’s land area. Of this, 6.2 million were indigenous forests and 1.8 million were plantation forests. The Crown owned about 83% of indigenous forests, of which 5.2 million were conservation forest and unavailable for timber production, and 92% of the plantation resource was in private ownership.
Footnotes:
[1] In New Zealand, ‘wastelands’ was interpreted as lands vested in the Crown which had been neither freeholded, nor were on long term lease, nor set aside as reserves for public use.
[2]New Zealand Government Gazette Province of New Ulster, Vol.1, No.19, August 10, 1848, p.97
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Show History
Early New Zealand forestry management was based on timber licensing and timber reserves as timber was an important commodity in the colony and the need for regulation quickly became apparent. Although licences to fell, remove and sell timber from Crown wastelands [1] were issued from the mid 1840s by the Governor under the 1842 Australian Land Sales Act (UK), it was not until 1848 that a clear statement of these regulations appeared in the New Ulster New Zealand Gazette[2]. Timber licences were coupled with ‘depasturing’ licences for grazing rights, and were issued by the Commissioner of Crown Lands who reported to the Colonial Secretary until 1858, then to the Secretary of Crown Lands. These regulations were formalised under the Crown Lands Ordinance 1849.
An 1858 Canterbury Provincial ordinance appears to have been the first legislation aimed at encouraging afforestation or tree planting, and was the basis for the 1871 Forest Trees Planting Encouragement Act. The Act offered an incentive in the form of a grant of two acres of Crown land for every acre planted, which was replaced in 1872 by a land order giving tree planters preferential purchase rights over Crown Lands that were open to selection. Unfortunately the Act was not a huge success due in part to confused administration in the post provincial period and was repealed by the State Forests Act, 1885.
In 1874, the New Zealand Forests Act provided for forest management on a national scale through the regulation of native timber sales, the voluntary setting aside of State forests, the appointment of the Minister of Lands as the Commissioner of State Forests, and the establishment of a Forestry Department. Unfortunately, due in part to the conflict between land settlement and forest management and lack of finances, the fledgling Forestry Department was disestablished in 1877.
The Land Act 1877 empowered the Governor to declare any forests belonging to the Crown as reserves under the Act, and to appoint Conservators and Rangers of Forests and Crown Lands. Consequently, in 1879 the first reserves for ‘The Growth and Preservation of Timber’ were gazetted under the Act, and by 1881, over ½ million acres of forest were gazetted as climatic reserves.
In 1885, the New Zealand State Forests Act established the State Forests Department and dispensed with the existing annual timber licensing system in favour of a royalty system based on sawn output. A Chief Conservator of Forests was appointed to manage the forests, conduct exotic (i.e. non-native) planting programmes and to advise farmers. Two years later, however, this position and the State Forests Department were abolished.
By the end of the nineteenth century, administrative responsibility for Crown forests had become complex since they could be reserved under the both the Land Act, which was administered by the Minister of Lands via local Commissioners of Crown Lands, and the New Zealand State Forest Act, which were dealt with by the Commissioners and Conservators of State Forests, who in the absence of a Forests Department, were also the Commissioners of Crown Lands.
Continued pressure on lands for agriculture and settlement in the 1890s, led to increased bush clearances and revocation of State forest lands under the 1888 amendment to the 1885 State Forests Act. Mounting concern about the future of the New Zealand timber industry was expressed at a national Timber Conference in 1896, and the Government responded by creating a Forestry Branch of the Crown Lands Department in 1897 and state plantation forests were established with the resumption of exotic forest tree planting.
In 1909, the Royal Commission on Timber and Timber-building Industries focused attention of the conservation of native timbers when it reported that indigenous forests would only last 40 years. Four years later, the Royal Commission on Forestry was established to determine which existing indigenous forest lands should be retained for soil protection, water conservation and scenic purposes, and to examine potential timber demand and the extent that the State plantations should be supplemented and expanded. One of the main recommendations of the Commission was the separation of the Office of the Commissioner of State Forests from the Office of the Minister of Lands, and the establishment of a separate forest authority. In 1918 Sir Francis Bell was appointed the first Commissioner of Forests and in 1920, a new department, the State Forest Service was established, with responsibility for forests, timber sales, afforestation, fire control and research and development.
A new act followed, the Forests Act 1921-22, which stated that Crown land could be set aside as ‘permanent’ or ‘provisional’ State forest, that State forest planning could only be revoked by resolution of Parliament. Apart from forming State forests and regulating timber sales, the new department proceeded to expand the programme of afforestation.
In 1987 the conflict between conservation and wood production in public forests resulted in the Government’s decision to split New Zealand’s national forestry estate into two parts – one to be managed for conservation purposes and the other for wood production. This restructure of the forest sector led to the creation of the Ministry of Forestry (responsible for policy, forest health and protection and forestry research functions), a new department, the Department of Conservation (responsible for management of the indigenous forest estate), and a state owned enterprise, New Zealand Forestry Corporation Limited (established to manage the Crown’s interest in commercial forestry).
The New Zealand Forestry Corporation did not own the assets it managed and operated under a Deed of Licence with the share-holding Ministers. This was an interim arrangement pending the sale of the Crown's commercial forestry assets to the Corporation. However, the Treasury and the corporation had some difficulty agreeing on a valuation, and in 1988 the government announced its intention to sell the State's commercial forestry assets on the open market.
The sale of management and cutting rights took place under the Crown Forests Assets Act 1989, which provided for the sale of Crown Forestry Licences. These licences allowed purchasers to buy trees, buildings and other fixed assets while the land remained in Crown ownership pending the resolution of Treaty of Waitangi claims. The licences also registered and protected waahi tapu and archaeological sites, conservation covenants and public access easements over the forest. The Crown Forestry Rental Trust was created to receive and invest these licence fees for successful claimants, and to make the interest earned from these investments available to assist Maori in the preparation, presentation and negotiation of claims to the Waitangi Tribunal.
Part IIIA of the Forests Act 1949 was introduced in 1993 to protect sustainable management of privately owned indigenous forests.
Although many early plantation forests were developed by the state, ownership moved increasingly to the private sector in the latter half of the twentieth century - 1990 with the sale of cutting rights licences to 247,00 hectares, 1991 with a further 97,00 hectares, and 1996 when the Government sold it’s shares in the Forestry Corporation which owned licences to a further 188,00 hectares.
In 2004, forests covered about 30% or 8 million hectares of New Zealand’s land area. Of this, 6.2 million were indigenous forests and 1.8 million were plantation forests. The Crown owned about 83% of indigenous forests, of which 5.2 million were conservation forest and unavailable for timber production, and 92% of the plantation resource was in private ownership.
Footnotes:
[1] In New Zealand, ‘wastelands’ was interpreted as lands vested in the Crown which had been neither freeholded, nor were on long term lease, nor set aside as reserves for public use.
[2]New Zealand Government Gazette Province of New Ulster, Vol.1, No.19, August 10, 1848, p.97
- π’ New Zealand Forest Service, Te Kuiti District Office (1934 ‑ 1987)
- π’ New Zealand Forest Service, Rotorua Conservatory (1920 ‑ 1987)
- π’ New Zealand Forest Service Kauri Management Unit (1973 ‑ 1987)
- π’ Pirongia State Forest Park (1971 ‑ )
- π’ Coromandel State Forest Park (1970 ‑ )
- π’ Ministry for Primary Industries, National Office (1998 ‑ )
- π’ Ministry of Forestry, Head Office (1987 ‑ 1998)
- π’ New Zealand Forest Service, Head Office (1919 ‑ 1987)
- π’ Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (1891 ‑ 1918)
- π’ Crown Lands Department, Head Office (1858 ‑ 1891)
- π’ Department of Internal Affairs, Head Office (1848 ‑ 1858)
- π Lands (2) (1883 ‑ 1884)
- π Crown Lands (2) (1872 ‑ 1878)
- π Crown Lands and Immigration (1872)
- π Crown Lands (1) (1858 ‑ 1864)
- π Colonial Secretary (1848 ‑ 1858)
- π Forestry (2) (1987 ‑ 2011)
- π Lands (4) (1893 ‑ 1918)